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SAVANNAH 



AND 



ITS SURRDUNniNGS 



BY 



G-, il, &RE&DRY. 



WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 




SAVANNAH, GA. : 

PRESS OF THE MORNING NEWS. 
1S9O. 



COPYRIGHTED, 1S90. BY G. A. GREGORY 



-^CONTENTS.a^ 



Page. 

Savannah 9 

Savannah As It Is 19 

Greene iMonument i.. 24 

Pulaski Monument 25 

Jasper Monument 27 

Confederate Soldi ei's' Monument 31 

Gordon Monument 3R 

Georgia Historical Society 35 

Academy of Arts and Sciences 39 

The Theater 42 

City Exchange 43 

Public Buildings and Localities 45 

Churches 51 

Asylums and Homes 59 

Hospitals 63 

Cemeteries 64 

The Military 67 

The Old Fortifications 70 

Resorts 77 

Bonaventure 79 

Thunderbolt 82 

Green wicli Park 82 

Tybea Beach 83 

Isle of Hope 87 

Montgomery 87 

Beaulieu 88 

White Bluff. 88 

Commercial Savannah 90 

Climate of Savannah 92 

The IMorning News 94 

Guide to Points of Interest 104 

Historical Summary 109 



.-^LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.^ 



Page. 

Map of Savannah Frontispiece. 

Bird's Eye View of Savannah, the Cotton Exchange, and Park 12 

Jasper Monument 15 

Oglethorpe 17 

Forsyth Park 21 

General Nathaniel Greene 23 

Pulaski Monument 25 

Jasper at Fort Moultrie 28 

The Rescue at Jasper Spring 30 

Confederate Soldiers' Monument 31 

Gordon Monument 33 

Tomo-Chi-Chi and His Nephew 34 

Greene Residence 36 

Historical Society Library 36 

Bull Street 36 

Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences 38 

Telfair Academy, main corridor 40 

The Old Theater 42 

Chatham County Court House 44 

(Xistoni House 46 

A Hall Street Residence 48 

First Baptist Church 50 

A Bull Street Residence 50 

Christ Church 52 

Cathedral of St. John the Baptist 54 

Mickva Israel Synagogue 56 

Bethesda Orphanage 59 

Telfair Hospital 62 

Bonaventure 65 

Washington Guns 68 

De Soto Hotel 71 

Scene on the Savannah 74 

Map of Savannah and Vicinity 78 

Scene on Green Island 81 

Tybee Beach 84 

Along the Tybce Railway 86 

On Vernon River 89 

Morning News Building 94 

Wesley Monumental Church 103 



SAVANNAH. 



S?CP^^^^ HISTORY of Savannah began with the settle- 
[p j^bo ment of Georgia in 1733. In that year Oglethorpe 
(^i^C^ landed on Yamacraw bluff and founded the 
youngest of the original thirteen colonies. There is scarcely 
a more romantic chapter in history than that which deals 
with the little colony planted upon the banks of the Savan- 
nah. Its early existence was one of privation and hardship. 
The difficulties and sufferings of the colonists were such that 
it seems marvelous that they did not abandon their new home, 
but they were a hardy people, and, struggling against the 
vicissitudes of a pioneer life, the erratic impulses of savage 
neighbors, and weighted with all the depressing influences of 
isolation, a permanent establishment was maintained. The 
philosophy of its foundation and fortunes belongs to the ex- 
amples and facts of history. 

The country South and Southwest, between the Savannah 
River and Florida, was, prior to 1733, a wilderness held by 
Indians, and claimed both by England and Spain. To 
secure it, Oglethorpe obtained from George II. "a grant 
for twenty-one years in trust for the poor," of the 
country between the Savannah and Mtamaha Rivers, and 
westward to the Pacific Ocean. Oglethorpe's plan was to 
occupy the disputed territory by providing in it an asylum 
for the poor of England, and the Protestants of all nations, 



10 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

where former poverty would be no reproach, and where all 
might worship God without fear of persecution. The grant 
from England was the great instrument which lay at the 
political foundation of Georgia. Its provisions were com- 
mensurate with its design ; and its privileges were as ample 
as the benevolence which suggested it. It gave to those 
over whom it stretched its fostering care the privileges of 
free-born Britons ; the privileges of English law, and, with 
one exception, the privileges of religious liberty. None but 
those who would take the oath of transubstantiation could 
become colonists. Roman Catholics, consequently, were ex- 
cluded, and were not admitted until Georgia became a Roj^al 
Province thirty years later. 

Oglethorpe's first visit was in 1732, when he selected the 
site for the town and concluded a treaty with Tomo-Chi-Chi, 
chief of the Indian nation occupying the country. Febru- 
ary 1, 1733, he landed with one hundred and fourteen colo- 
nists. Four tents were pitched on the bluff overlooking the 
river, one for each tithing, the municipal divisions into which 
the colonists had already been divided. This was the first occu- 
pation of Georgia and the birth of Savannah. The little set- 
tlement in time grew to the proportions of a town and was 
laid off with open squares and streets crossing each other at 
right angles. The land was divided, under a strict agrarian 
law, into two hundred and forty freeholds. The town 
land covered twenty-four square miles. Every forty 
houses (the houses being located on tracts of land exactly 
the same size) made a ward. Each ward had a constable, 
and under him were four tithing men. Every ten houses 
made a tithing ; and to each tithing was a square mile di- 
vided into twelve lots. Every freeholder of the tithing had 
a lot, or farm of forty-five acres. 

Not long after the colony was founded the religious perse- 
cutions in Germany began. The Salzburgers were driven 
out, and they sought new homes in Georgia. Ogle- 
thorpe and his people generously welcomed the little baud of 
Protestants who sought their protection and their freedom 



Sav.annah and Its Surroundings. 11 



of conscience. A settlement twenty miles west of Savannah 
on the banks of the river was assigned to them, and they 
called it Ebenezer in commemoration of their final deliver- 
ance from their enemies. The exile of the Salzburgers is one 
of the most stirring incidents of the civil and religious his- 
tory of Germany, and the little settlement at Ebenezer is 
to-day one of the most revered places among the Luther- 
ans of this country. 

Two years later John and Charles Wesley arrived, and 
the founder of Methodism preached his first sermon in 
America in Savannah. The mission of the Wesleys proved, 
however, unfortunate and brief. Their religious zeal outran 
discretion and they were soon embroiled in conflicts with 
the authorities and the people, whom they did not under- 
stand. Both returned to England before they had been in 
America two years. The next year George Whitefield ar- 
rived, and having more tact than the Wesleys, and, from 
his parentage and early associations, being better fitted to 
cope with the rude minds of the colonists, he succeeded 
where they failed, and laid in Savannah the foundation of 
his subsequent reputation. His great work was the found- 
ing of the Bethesda Orphan House. 

Hardly had the town been laid out before a colony of 
Israelites arrived. True to their ancient faith, they no 
sooner landed than they founded a synagogue, to which they 
gave the name Mickva Israel. 

At the end of the first decade of its existence, when Ogle- 
thorpe left America finally for England, Savannah had 
grown to a village of three hundred and fifty houses. The 
government of Oglethorpe had been military, but after his 
departure it devolved upon the trustees in England. The 
colony, never very strong, languished under their chimerical 
views and injudicious management. Agriculture did not 
flourish, commerce was not thoiight of, silk culture, which 
Oglethorpe had tried to establish, failed, the colonists were 
deserting to Carolina and the other American possessions or 
were returning home, and at last in 1752, the trustees, in 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 13 

despair, resolved on account of their utter inability to sup- 
port the colony, to make an absolute surrender of the char- 
ter. The resolution was carried into effect, and Georgia be- 
came a Royal Province. Under the more liberal and the 
wiser protection and patronage of the crown, Savannah sur- 
vived and became in time the prospering foster-mother of 
Georgia. 

Among the early excitements of Savannah was the trouble 
with the Spaniards in Florida, which finally culminated in 
open war. Spain, with her wonted arrogance, had firmly 
bidden the Georgians quit their newly established homes ; 
but Spanish bravado did not frighten them. Anglo-Geor- 
gian and Hispano-Floridian fortified against each other ; the 
same Spanish intrigue, which was at work among the thou- 
sands of negroes in South Carolina, was active among the 
Indians of Georgia. When at last E.i^iand and Spain went 
to war, Oglethorpe and his colonists played an important 
part. They penetrated to the very walls of St. Augustine, 
but did not succeed in taking it. 

The colonists were naturally an independent people, and 
the '' Stamp Act " put the same fever into their blood that 
stirred the pulses of their cousins in Massachusetts. It is 
curious to note, in view of later events, that Savannah sent 
to the Old Bay State much of the powder used in the de- 
fense of Bunker Hill. 

Although the last settled of the original thirteen colonies, 
neither Georgia or her chief city were backward in ac- 
cepting the issues of the Revolution. A Georgia schooner 
was the first commissioned American vessel, and made 
the first capture of the war off Tybee — 16,000 pounds 
of powder. Savannah revolted against its royal Governor 
early in 1776, and imprisoned him ; the next j^ear the conven- 
tion which framed the State Constitution met here. Toward 
the close of 1778, the British, after a savagely disputed battle, 
captured the city ; a brutal soldiery shot and bayonetted many 
citizens in the streets and impinsoned others on board the 
English ships. British rule, with all the rigor of military 



H Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

law, was enforced until an evacuation was rendered expedi- 
ent by the success of American arms elsewhere. 

There is one picture which the memory of Savannah's 
trials during the Revolution brings to mind — a picture which 
has in it the sparkle of French color, and which is a noble 
memorial to French gallantry and generosity. In the dull 
and dreadful days of 1779, when English rule had become 
all but intolerable, a superb fleet, one day in September, an- 
chored off Tybee, and the amazed English saw the French 
colors displayed above twenty ships of the line and sixteen 
fi'igates, commanded by Count D'Estaing, sent by the King 
of France to aid the struggling Americans. Five thousand 
of the best soldiers of the French army, united with such 
as the American Government could muster, laid vigorous 
siege to the town ; troops were landed and the combined 
forces attacked the British positions ; a strong bombardment 
was kept up for some time, and an assault was made on the 
town on the 9th of October, but the besiegers were finally 
compelled to withdraw, leaving the city to the mercies of 
the enraged English. In this long and brave assault, which 
lasted nearly two months, the chivalrous Pulaski sealed his 
devotion to liberty with his life on the spot where the Cen- 
tral Railroad passenger depot now stands. Near by fell the 
gallant Jasper, who had repeatedly illustrated his valor in 
the cause of the colonies. The city was evacuated shortly 
before the close of hostilities. The exiled citizens returned, 
ousted the interlopers, who had acquired the traffic of the 
town by protection of the enemy, repaired the damages that 
war had wrought, to resume once more with ardor their 
pursuits, and to enjoy the relaxations of peace. 

Savannah was, in its early history, one of the most patri- 
otic of American towns. It not only produced men re- 
nowned for bravery and true chivalric qualities, but the peo- 
ple took every occasion to demonstrate their faith in the 
Union. The new President, Washington, was received with 
joyous enthusiasm. Lafayette was given an overwhelming 
welcome, and, during his visit, he laid the corner-stones 




THE JASPER MONUMENT. 



16 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

of two handsome monuments, which are to-day counted 
among the city's treasures — those to Pulaski and General 
Greene. 

In the war between the States Savannah was the key to 
the Georgia coast, and it was closely watched by the Federal 
forces. The ordinance of secession was framed in Savan- 
nah, and it was here that the flag of the Confederate States 
was first hoisted in Georgia. The port was closed to com- 
merce from 1861 to 1865. The most important events of the 
war occurring in the vicinity were the capture of Fort 
Pulaski, April 10, 1862, and the reduction of Fort McAllis- 
ter, December 12, 1864. Pulaski, situated so as to command 
both channels of the entrance-way from the sea, had been 
built with great care, and it was believed to be impregnable, 
but rifled cannon, then a novelty in warfare, and the superior 
resources of the Federal forces, accomplished its surrender 
in twenty-seven hours. After the fall of Pulaski there were 
numerous encounters on land and sea, but there was no 
general engagement of the hostile armies until Sherman in- 
vested the city, December 11, 1864, after his famous "march 
to the sea," with 60,000 infantry, 6.000 cavalry, and numer- 
ous batteries of siege guns. Along the coast was a fleet of 
ironclads, and other war vessels, awaiting the establishment 
of communication with Sherman's forces to co-operate with 
him in the siege. Opposed to these General Hardee had, 
within the city and its defenses, 10,000 men. Fort McAllis- 
ter had withstood three attempts to silence it and it had to 
be taken. Sherman cautiously enveloped the defenses of 
the city so as to completely isolate the fort, and then sent 
nine regiments to take it. The fort was held by a garrison 
of 150 men. It was captured after a desperate fight and 
through the superiority of overwhelming forces. The cap- 
ture of McAllister was the conquest of Savannah. The city 
was evacuated December 20, 1864, and was formally surren- 
dered the next day. Sherman's regime, although brief, was 
rigorous in the extreme. Shortly after the fall of the city 
Lee and Johnston surrendered, and the war ended. Savan- 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



17 



nah's progress since then has not been less remarkable than 
that of the whole State. 




JAMES EDWAED OGLETHORPE. 

James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of Savannah, was 
born in London, December 21, 1688. At the age of sixteen 
he was admitted a student of Corpus Christi College, but did 
not finish his studies, war having more charms for him than 
literary pursuits. His first commission was that of ensign. 
After the death of Queen Anne he entered the service of 
Prince Eugene. He was elected to Parliament at the age of 
twenty-four, and continued a member thirty-two years. He 
established the colony at Savannah in 1733. In 1743 he re- 



18 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

tui"ned to England. He was oifei'ed the command of the 
British forces in America operating against the Americans 
under Washington, but declined to accept it. He was soon 
afterward placed in command of an army operating against 
the forces of Charles the Pretender. His Christian forbear- 
ance toward the unfortunate followers of the Stuarts caused 
him to be charged with sympathy with their cause. A 
court-martial declared the charges groundless and malicious, 
and Oglethorpe's prosecutor was dismissed from the service. 
In 1744 Oglethorpe was appointed one of the field officers 
under Field Marshal, the Earl of Stair, to oppose the invas- 
ion of the French. He died in England, July 1, 1785. 




SAVANNAH AS IT IS. 



^*« 



? ^^HF^N 1890 Savannah has a population of 60,000. The 
"^^J^ city covers 4,000 acres, and has a valuation of 
i^f^ nearly $40,000,000 and a commerce of $110,000,- 
^^ 000. It has 106 miles of streets, sixty-five acres 
of public parks, fifteen miles of street railway and five 
miles of wharves. Geographically, it is at the head of 
ship navigation on the Savannah River, eighteen miles 
from the ocean, on a plateau fifty feet above the level 
of the sea. It is in 32° and some minutes north latitude, 
with the gulf stream j ust issuing from the tropics at no great 
distance to the eastward. It is near the isothermal line of 
70° temperature, which marks the northern limit of the 
tropics. The city is nearly square, and most of the streets 
are broad and run at right angles with each other. The 
plan of the city proper was designed by Oglethorpe, and 
once commenced it was adhered to for its regularity, beauty, 
and comfort. All of the streets in the city are named, and the 
lanes take the name of the street north of them. The plan 
of the outskirts differs materially from that of the city 
proper. Bay street is the great commercial thoroughfare, 
and is lined with mercantile houses, banks, and business 
offices. The Custom-House, the City Exchange, Post-Office, 
and the Cotton Exchange are on " The Bay." Congress and 
Broughton are the principal retail business streets. Bull 
street is the great promenade, and extends from the City 
Exchange, overlooking the river, to the park, and beyond to 



20 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

the southern limits and the White Bluff shell road. It re- 
ceived its name from Colonel William Bull, who assisted 
Oglethorpe in laying out the city. The street passes through 
five squares, in which are the Greene, Gordon, Jasper, and 
Pulaski Monuments, and leads to the main entrance of the 
park. It is the most picturesque street in the city. Upon 
it are some of Savannah's handsomest residences and gar- 
dens, and most imposing public buildings. Liberty and 
South Broad streets, the latter the original southern limit of 
the city, with their three and four rows of magnificent oaks 
interlacing their foliage and forming almost an arched ave- 
nue on either side of a broad grass plat, are two of the 
finest residence streets. 

Forsyth Park, almost in the heart of the city, was laid off" 
in 1853. Its plan is similar to that of the Grand Park in 
the City of Mexico. The park proper contains ten acres 
with an addition of twenty acres, used by the military as a 
parade ground. The main entrance is from Bull street by a 
broad avenue guarded by sphinxes. In the center of the 
park is a magnificent fountain designed from the model 
which was awarded the prize in the first International Exhi- 
bition in London in 1844, and similar to the grand fountain 
in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. Radiating from the 
fountain in all directions are broad, winding walks. The 
park is filled with trees, and their foliage is one of its chief 
charms. The walks are bordered with lawns, and clumps 
of roses, coleas, cacti and ivy and climbing plants grow 
luxuriantly among the native pines. In the center of the 
parade ground, or park extension, stands the Confederate 
monument. 

To the fortunate early arrangement of the town by Ogle- 
thorpe, Savannah owes much of its beauty to-day. IS'o 
other American city has such wealth of foliage, such charm- 
ing seclusion and such sylvan perfection, so united with all 
the convenience and compactness of a great commercial 
city. The squares which were originally intended as places 
of refuge for the colonists, in time of attack, are now the 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



lungs of the city — the breathing spots and play grounds for 
children. Many of the squares are adorned with statues, 
fountains and mounds, gigantic oaks and magnolias, with 
here and thera catalpas and banana trees. Among the 
(lowers the most beautiful are the rose and the camelia- 
japonica which bloom luxuriantly in mid-winter in the open 
air. 

But its natural beauty is not all that Savannah boasts. 
Its architecture is varied and striking ; much of it in the 
quaint fashion of by-gone days, but with those characteris- 
tics that the art of the present day is eager to counterfeit. 
It is rich in historic memories ; its schools are unsurpassed ; 
its society is cultured ; art is patronized, and all the influences 
exist which make the city attractive. 





(JENP^RAL NATHANIEL GREENE. 



2Jf Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

THE GREENE MONUMENT. 

• — "^>-5— «§■ — o*'^— #-^-<- — • 

In 1825 the Marquis de Lafayette visited Savannah and 
laid the corner stone for two monuments — one in Chippewa 
square, to be erected in honor of Count Pulaski, and one in 
Johnson square to commemorate the eminent services to the 
South of General Greene. The Greene monument was fin- 
ished, except the inscription, in 1829. The fund was not 
then sufficient to erect the monument to Pulaski, and the 
shaft in Johnson square was known for many years as "the 
Greene and Pulaski monument," in commemoration of 
Lafayette's visit, as well as in memory of the heroic 
dead, whose military careers and reputations are intimately 
associated with the history of Savannah. In 188G a bronze 
inscriptional tablet was placed on the north face of the 
monument, and on the south face an alto relievo portrait of 
General Greene, in bronze. The unveiling of the tablets 
was a part of the centennial celebration of the Chatham 
Artillery, Hon. Jefferson Davis, who was a guest of the 
city at the time, was present and took part in the ceremonies. 

In the war of the Revolution General Greene won undying 
fame in the Southern campaigns, and as a mark of appre- 
ciation of his services the Georgia Legislature granted him a 
large tract of land near Savannah. He settled upon this 
tract, known as Mulberry Grove, in 1783. He died in 1786 
from a sunstroke, and his remains were buried with military 
honors in the old burying ground on South Broad street. 
The vault in which the remains were placed was not desig- 
nated, and when, in 1820, a search was made for them they 
could not be found. Their resting place is to-day unknown. 
Tradition says that the remains were buried in the vault of 
the Graham family, which having been dispossessed of its 
lands and rights, owing to the disloyalty of Governor Gra- 
ham, secretly removed the body and buried it in an un- 
marked spot. 



Savannah and Its Surroundmgs. 



25 



THE PULASKI MONUMENT. 

The Pulaski monument 
ill Monterey square, in 
memory of Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Count Casimer Pulas- 
ki, is the last work of the 
famous German sculptor, 
Launitz. The corner stone 
of the monument was laid 
in Chippewa square in 
1825, with the corner stone 
of the Greene monument, 
but was removed to Mon- 
terey square in 1853. The 
monument is of Italian 
marble and is about fifty 
feet high and surmounted 
by a statue of Liberty 
holding the banner of the 
"Stains and Stripes." It 
is seen at a glance that 
the monument is intended 
for a soldier who is losing 
his life while fighting; 
wounded, he falls from his 
horse still grasping his 
sword. The date, October 
9, 1779, is recorded above 
the subject. The coats of 
arms of Poland and Geor- 
gia, surrounded by branch- 
^es of laurel, ornament the 
cornice on two sides, while 
the eagle, emblem of liber- 
ty, courage and independ- 
ence, and the symbolic bird of Poland and America, rests 




THE PULASKI MONUaiENT. 



26 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

upon both. The reversed cannon on the corners of the die 
are emblematic of military loss and mourning, and give the 
monument a strong military character. 

Count Pulaski fell mortally wounded in the siege of Sa- 
vannah near the spot now occupied by the Central Railroad 
passenger depot. He was born in 1746, and was leader of a 
band of patriots confederated to relieve their native land 
from Russian oppression. In the struggle Austrian and 
Prussian troops were hurried to the assistance of the Rus- 
sian forces in Poland. Against these overwhelming odds, 
Pulaski and his little band bravely contended, but they were 
overpowered and the severest punishments were inflicted 
upon those who were captured. Pulaski fled to France. 
There he learned of the struggle of the Americans for inde- 
pendence and tendered his services, which were accepted by 
Congress, and the rank of Brigadier-General was conferred 
upon him. After having distinguished himself in several 
engagements he resigned his commission and organized the 
famous " Pulaski Legion." After he had fallen wounded by a 
caonon shot in the battle of Spring Hill he was placed on a ves- 
sel to be sent to Charleston. The vessel had hardly sailed out 
of the harbor before he died and his body was buried at sea. 
There is a tradition that he was buried at Greenwich, about 
three miles from Savannah ; but an account written by one 
of Pulaski's stalf. who was also wounded and was on board 
the vessel, says that he died at sea and his body was con- 
signed to the depths. The funei"al services were held in 
Charleston, where the death of the brave Pole caused, as it 
did throughout the American colonies, the most intense 
grief. 




Savannah and Its Surroundings. 27 

THE JASPER MONUMENT. 

The Jasper Monumeut and statue, in Madison Square, is 
one of the finest monuments in Savannah. It was erected 
by the Jasper Monument Association. The corner-stone 
was laid October 9. 1879, the centennial anniversary of 
Sergeant Jasper's death, in the siege of Savannah. The 
monument was completed and unveiled February 22, 1888, 
President Cleveland taking part in the ceremonies. The 
base of the monument and the pedestal are of granite. The 
bronze statue of Jasper, which surmounts the pedestal, is 
fifteen feet high and represents a sturdy specimen of man- 
hood. The left hand clutches at arm's length a battle-worn 
banner. The right hand, holding an upturned sabre, is 
pressed tightly over a bullet wound in his side. The piece 
is strong in all its lines. On the face is an expression of in- 
tense suffering, held in subordination to a resolute purpose. 
The details of the work are clear. The fatal bullet-hole is 
plainly seen ; upon the ground is the soldier's bullet-rid- 
dled hat, and his hair is waving in the smoke of battle. The 
most artistic part of the statue is the ragged banner flutter- 
ing in the wind. The statue was designed by the celebrated 
Bculptor, Alexander Doyle, of New York. Upon the four 
faces of the pedestal are bas-relief panels of bronze ; that 
on the north side is the in'jcriptional tablet ; on the east side is 
a representation of Jasper standing upon the ramparts of 
Fort Moultrie with the rescued colors held aloft. The pict- 
ure on the south side is a representation of the scene at Jas- 
per Spring, where the prisoners were rescued, and the west 
side represents Jasper's death ; the surgeon is beside his 
prostrate form, sponging the wound in his breast, among a 
group of comrades with sorrowful faces. 

Sergeant Jasper, it is said, was of Irish descent, his family 
having emigrated from Ireland some years before the Revo- 
lution, and settled in South Carolina. At the beginning of 
the war for independence he enlisted and gave the first proof 
of his gallantry in the attack of the British fleet upon Fort 
Moultrie in 177G. The flag-staflf of the Americans had been 




JASPER AT FORT MOULTRIE. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 29 

shot away. Jasper took up the flag, fastened it to a sponge- 
stafi', and planted it defiantly upon the ramparts, under a 
heavy fire fi:*om the enemy's vessels. For this he was pre- 
sented a sword and was offered a commission. He accepted 
the sword, but modestly declined the commission. His ex- 
ploit in rescuing a number of American prisoners from a 
British guard, at a spring two miles from Savannah, where 
the party had halted for refreshment, was a daring act of 
cool courage. The story, as told by White in his Historical 
Collections, is as follows : 

" Leai'ning that a number of American prisoners were to 
be brought from Ebenezer to Savannah — then occupied by 
the British — for trial, Jasper determined to release them at 
all hazards. With Newton as his companion, at a spring 
two miles from Savannah and about thirty yards from the 
main road, he awaited the arrival of the prisoners. When 
the escort, consisting of a sergeant, corporal and eight men, 
and the prisoners in irons — stopped to refresh themselves at 
this spring, two of the guard only remained with the cap- 
tives. The others leaned their guns against the trees, when 
Jasper and Newton sprang fi-om their hiding place, seized 
the guns and shot down the two sentinels. The remaining 
six soldiers were deterred from making any eflbrt to recover 
their guns by threats of immediate death, and were forced 
to surrender. The prisoners we e released, and Jasper and 
Newton, with their redeemed friends and captive foes, crossed 
the Savannah River and joined the American army at Fu- 
ry sburgh." 

The spring has been known ever since as '' Jasper Spring, '- 
and is a resort of interest. It is a short distance from the 
Augusta road, near the Ten-Broeck race course. In the dis- 
astrous siege of Savannah by the allied American and 
French forces under General Lincoln and Count D'Estaing, 
the gallant Jasper lost his life in an attempt to replace his 
regimental colors within the British lines, where they had 
been carried by an assault. In memory of this brave, non- 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



SI 



commissioned officer, thus identified with the city, the monu- 
ment was erected. 

THE CONFEDERATE MONUMENT. 




The Confederate Sol- 
diers' monument in the 
parade ground was erect- 
ed by the Ladies' Memo- 
rial Association to the 
memory of the Confeder- 
ate dead. The monument 
stands upon a raised ter- 
race, and is capped by a 
bronze statute of a Con- 
federate soldier at "pa- 
rade rest." On the die 
of the monument is the 
dedication : 

"Come from the four winds, 

O breath, 

And breath upon these slain 

That they may live." 



"To THE Confederate Dead, 
1861-1865." 
The monument was built from a design by Robert Reid, 
of Montreal, Canada. In style it is modern Italian. It 
stands about fifty feet in hight from the base to the crown 
of the figure by which it is surmounted. On the base of 
the pilasters are appropriate mottoes. The north panel on 
the first stage shows a figure in alto relievo, a prostrate 
woman representing the South in mourning; from her 
left hand she lets fall a branch of laurel. In one corner of 
the panel is a group of weeping willows with their drooping 
branches. The reverse panel is left vacant, although the de- 



S2 Savannah and Jts Surroundings. 

sign provides for its occupany by a figure, also alto relievo, of 
a military character. Above the panels is a rich cornice. 
The next stage was originally an open canopy supported on 
pilasters, underneath which was a marble statue of Silence, 
but this was removed and the space filled with stone to 
strengthen the structure. Above this is another stage, 
deeply recessed and moulded, and ornamented with draped 
banners, guns and sabres. The topmost panel is 
exquisitely moulded and forms the base upon which 
rests the crowning figure. The corner stone of the monu- 
ment was laid June 16, 1875, and the monument was un- 
veiled in May, 1876. The bronze statue is a work of art. 
Ease, grace and manliness distinguish the figure, and the 
musket, worn hat, and tattered clothing are true to the life, 
reproducing with wonderful exactness the rents, patches, 
darns and rude sewing that betray the deprivations and 
hardships which the Confederate soldiery had to endure in 
their gallant, but painful, struggle of four years of unsuccess- 
ful warfare. 






Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



THE GORDON MONUMENT. 




THE GORDON MONUMENT 

tance, are the tall spars of shipping 
the inscription: 



The Gordon monu- 
ment, in Court House 
square, was erected in 
1883 by the Central Rail- 
road and Banking Com- 
pany in memory of Will- 
iam W. Gordon, the first 
President of the road. 
The monument is not only 
a tribute to the memory 
of the man to whom it 
was erected, but it illus- 
trates the spirit of prog- 
ress and the advance of 
internal improvement in 
Georgia since the Central 
Railroad was inaugu- 
ated, in 1834. The design 
of the monument is beau- 
tiful and suggestive. The 
north face bears the name 
"Gordon." The eastern 
face is a bas-relief repre- 
senting a locomotive and 
train of cars emerging 
from a tunnel and ap- 
proaching a viaduct, be- 
yond which, in the dis- 
The south face bears 



In memory of 

William Washing-ton Gordon. 

Born June 17, 1796. 

Died March. SO, 1842. 

The pioneer in works of internal improvement iri 
his native State, and President of the Central Kail- 
road and Banking Company of Cleorgia, to which 
he gave his time, his talents and, finally, his life. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 




TOMO-CHI-CHI AND HIS NEPHEW. 

The remains of Tomo-Chi-Chi, the famous Indian chief- 
tain, are supposed to have been buried in Court House 
square, in the vicinity of the Gordon monument. Tomo- 
Chi-Chi died in 1738. At his own request lie was buried 
among his friends, the white men, with the pomp and cir- 
cumstance due to his liigh rank and staunch friendship, and 
within the compass of the colonists. Oglethorpe assisted as 
pall-bearer ; the burial v/as in v/hat was then Percival 
square. Minute guns were fired during the march of the 
procession, and as the body was lowered three volleys of 
musketry were fired over it. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



THE GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The Georgia Historical Society was organized in 1839. Its 
library, numbering 20,000 volumes, is one of the finest col- 
lections in the South. The Society was chartered " for 
the purpose of collecting, preserving, and diffusing in'orraa- 
tion relating to the State of Georgia in particular, and of 
American history generally." The Georgia Medical Society 
is a part of the Historical Society. Hodgson Hall, the library 
building, at Whitaker and Gaston streets, fronting the park, 
was erected by Mrs. Margaret T. Hodgson and Miss Mary 
Telfair, the widow and sister-in-law of William B. Hodgson, 
in his memory. These ladies bequeathed over one-half of 
their large estate to the fostering and sustenance of the 
cause of literature, science and art in Savannah. The His- 
torical Society, in which they felt a deep interest, has, through 
their liberality, been most munificently endowed. Miss 
Telfair, carrying out the wishes of her sister, which were in 
consonance with her own, bequeathed the Society the family 
mansion on Telfair place with all the furniture, pictures, 
works of art, etc., and $100,000 of railroad stock, to estab- 
lish and maintain an Academy of Arts and Sciences. It is 
therefore not to be wondered at that the names of these ladies 
are held in such high esteem and reverence by the Historical 
Society and by the people of Savannah. The buildingwas de- 
signed by Detlef Lienau, of New York, the architect who later 
designed the Telfair Academy annex. The exterior of the 
building is plain, its architecture being adapted to the con- 
venience and comfort of the library. The front, however, 
is ornamental, being chiefly of brown stone. The entrance 
is by massive stone steps and portico. The frieze of the 
portico bears, in relief, the inscription, "W. B. Hodgson 
Hall." Upon the building is similarly inscribed, " Georgia 
Historical Society." 

If the exterior is plain, the interior of the library hall is 
Strikingly attractive. The hall contains several fine portraits 
of members of the Society, and of men prominent in tlie 



Sarannah and Its Surroundings. 37 

history of Georgia and the South, and an interesting collec- 
tion of historical relics. Fronting the entrance is a platform, 
or rostrum. Above this is an admirable portrait of Mr. 
Hodgson, one of the earliest members of the Society, and for 
over twenty-five years one of its curators. The picture was 
painted by Carl L. Brandt, the present Director of the Tel- 
fair Academy. It represents Mr. Hodgson in his library, 
standing by a table, in the act of turning the leaves of a 
book. On the table are books and papers and a scroll cov- 
ered with Arabic characters, symbolic of Mr. Hodgson's 
studies. The features, dress and attitude of the figure give 
a life-like appearance, and, with a brilliant light and the 
faithful reproduction of the appurtenances of a libi'ary, be- 
token the genius of the artist. Beneath the picture is a 
marble slab with this inscription : — 

In Memory of 

WILLIAM BROWN HODGSOIT, 

this building is erected by 

MARGARET TELFAIR HODGSON, 

Anno Domini 1873. 

The building was dedicated to the Historical Society in 
1876. The library is open to members and visitors. The 
library hours are 10 a. m. to 9 p. m. 




Savannah and Its Surroundings. 39 



THE TELFAIR ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 

The Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, on Telfair 
Place, is the art galleiy of the South. It was founded 
through a bequest of Miss Mary Telfair, who, upon her 
death, bequeathed the Telfair family mansion and $100,000 
for the purpose of founding an art museum and academy. 
The bequest was under the trusteeship of the Georgia His- 
torial Society, and the Academy was opened in 1885. A 
writer in the Magazine of Art says that the Academy is like 
nothing so much as a bit of Munich strayed from the banks 
of the Iser to the new woi-ld. It is the Glyptothek and 
Pinakothek in one. In front of the building are five heroic 
size statues of Rubens, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Phideas 
and Rembrandt, modeled for the Academy by Viennese 
sculptors and carved in white Marzina stone. The entrance 
hall of the Academy is lined with photographs, forming 
part of a series which is continued in the large picture gal- 
lery. It includes reproductions of the masterpieces of ancient 
and modern art, from the best European photograph publish- 
ers. Beyond the entrance hall is a collection of plaster re- 
lief heads. The Director of the Academy is Carl L. Brandt, 
N". A. He is director, teacher and curator. The Academy is 
the embodiment of his ideas, and his classic Munich tend- 
encies are revealed everywhere in the building, which is one 
of the finest bits of architecture in the country. At the 
left of the entrance corridor is an old room hung with 
old masters and copies. On the north side of the corridor is 
the Phideas room. Here are some of the finest of the Par- 
thenian marbles, forming part of one of the most satisfac- 
tory collections of antique casts in the United States. The 
east pediment of Parthenon is here complete. 

The large sculpture hall has in its center that group so 
seldom seen in its entirety — the "Tauro Farnese," of the 
Naples museum. It is the second cast ever obtained di- 
rectly from the original and was made expressly for the Tel- 
fair Academy. It was shipped to America in twenty-one 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 41 

cases, containing one hundred and twenty-six sections, and 
arrived broken into a thousand pieces. It required months 
of patient work by the director to put this monument of 
ancient art together, and as it stands to-day, it shows no 
trace of the experience through which it passed. The 
statuary hall also contains a fine copy of the famous Gaeta 
vase. 

The picture gallery is a beautiful example of classic deco- 
ration ; the pervading color is Pompeiian red, which is largely 
used throughout the building. At the top of the room, form- 
ing a wide frieze all around it, are superb mural paintings, 
simulating tapestries, by Director Schraudolph, of Stuttgart. 
They are forty-four feet in length and nine feet high, and 
present allegorical representations of the different arts. 
Among the chief pictures in the gallery are those of the 
Munich and Dusseldorf schools. The great picture of the 
gallery, both in size and masterful execution, is Kaulbach's 
"Peter Arbues of Epila." The picture was finished in 1870, 
and is the last work of the famous artist. It is sixteen feet 
long by thirteen feet high. "Ein Gefecht," by Josef von 
Brandt, a Polish artist of Munich, next to Kaulbach's, is 
the pride of the gallery. The picture is what its title im- 
plies — a calvary attack. It is a large canvas and occupies a 
place on the west wall of the gallery. The subject is a fight 
between the Poles and the allied Swedes and Brandenbur- 
gers in the days of the battles before Warsaw. A half 
destroyed village is occupied by a small detachment of the 
allied troops, which is attacked by a superior squadron of 
the "dreaded mailed Lancers," who, with furious force, fly 
to the combat of the ususpecting enemy. The attack of the 
rattling lines, the wild confusion of the hand to hand fight, 
is represented with most convincing truthfulness and won- 
derful pictorial power and art. The picture was se- 
cured from the Munich Exposition in 1888. Next to "Ein 
Gefecht" is Szymanowski's " Dispute of Russian Mount- 
aineers," which was secured from the Paris Exposi- 
tion in 1889. In character and literary interest "The 

4 



j;i 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



Relics of the Brave," by Arthur Hacker, is one of the 
masterpieces of the gallery. Julian Story's " The Black 
Prince," secured from the Paris Exposition, is one of the 
largest pictures, and one of the most striking. 

The upper rooms of the Academy are a series of galleries. 
The famous Parthenon frieze surrounds the entrance hall, 
and in the adjoining rooms are the archaeological and pre- 
historic art collections, arrow heads and flints, and photographs 
of ancient ruins and edifices. The gallery also contains an 
interesting collection of Japanese embroideries, bronzes and 
Italian wood engraving. The Academy is open to visitors 
daily, except Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. Sundays 
from 1 to 5 p. m. 



F'^~y- 




THE OLD THEATRE. 

The Savannah Theatre, on Bull stieet, fronting Chippewa 
Square, is the oldest theatre in the United States. It was 
built in 1818, and was opened December 4th of that year^ and 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 43 

for nearly three-quarters of a century has been the chief 
place of amusement in Savannah. Since it was built many 
changes have been made in its interior, but the exterior has 
undergone little change. It has witnessed the rise, progress 
and decadence of the drama in America. Its walls have 
resounded with the sonorous tones of the elder and the 
younger Booths, of McCready, Yandenhoff, the Kembles, 
father and daughter ; the Coopers, Forrest, and hosts of 
other tragedians and melo-dramatists, and have echoed the 
comicalities of Finn, Hilson, the two Placides, and Hackett, 
and absorbed the melting tones and artistic roulades 
and trills of Kelly, Hughes, Russell, and the stars of oper- 
atic music. The voices of past generations and of the pres- 
ent are blended in the silence of its venerable walls. The 
history of the Savannah Theatre is a record of the stage in 
the United States, and critical were the audiences, in the 
days of the legitimate drama, which criticised the perform- 
ances upon its boards. 

THE CITY EXCHANGE. 

The City Exchange — the city hall — at the foot of Bull 
street, was built in 1799, and is a type of the architecture of 
that time. It was built by a stock company and was intended 
for a Merchants' Exchange. The site was leased for ninety- 
nine years and the building cost $20,000. The city was a 
member of the company, and, by successive purchases of 
stock, it became, in 1812, the possessor of the property and 
converted it into a city hall, which it still is, though the 
original name, " Exchange," is retained. The lower part 
of the building is occupied by business offices. The second 
and third stories contain the Council Chamber and the vari- 
ous departments of the City Government. In the " Long 
Room " is a life-size painting of General Robert E Lee — 
pronounced the finest portrait of Lee extant. In the Ex- 
change steeple are the venerable city clock and fire bell, 
which have hung there for more than three-quarters of a 
century. The old clock bears the inscription, "Built by 



./I \^ 







7 f ^fj^^^ ( 



-m, ^^r^ 



^1 i-= 



//y: 



Av 







' •! ' ' 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 40 

John Thwaites, Clerkenwell, London, 1803." From the 
steeple a splendid view of the city is obtained. Bull street, with 
its squares and monuments, extends south to the park, and is 
lined with public buildiugs and residences. Piercing the foli- 
age is the tall spire of St. John's, and rising up in front,the Ionic 
proportions of Christ Church, and the lofty roof of the Ca- 
thedral of St. John the Baptist, are clearly seen. The visitor 
at once realizes the appropriateness of the title " Forest City," 
in its application to Savannah, as the city can scarcely be 
seen for the trees — only the spires, steeples, and the roofs of 
the houses rising above the foliage. From the balcony of 
the Exchange the military reviews take place, and from it 
Sherman reviewed the Federal army at the close of his fa- 
mous "march to the sea." The "Long Room" has been the 
scene of many historic events. It waj here, in 1886, that 
Jefferson Davis held his last public reception. 



■*m(^ ►— •-^ ^>^- 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND LOCALITIES. 



The County Court House, on Court House square, is one 
of the finest public buildings in the State. It is built upon 
the site of the old court house, which was demolished in 
1889, and cost $160,000. The corner stone was laid July 31, 
1889. The first court house was at the northeast corner of 
Bull street and Bay lane. Just before the Revolution a 
brick court house was erected upon the site of the present 
building. During the siege of Savannah it was occupied by 
the British troops as a headquarters and was damaged by 
shells thrown from the American and French batteries. 
Upon the re-occupation of the city the building was restored 
and was used until 1831 when it was torn down to make 
room for the recent structure which was completed in 1833. 



JfQ 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 




The United States 
Custom House, at Bay 
and Bull streets, con- 
tains the customs offices, 
Internal Revenue office, 
United States Marine 
Hospital Surgeon's of- 
fice, the Branch Hydro- 
fit graphic office, and the 
'^Ms^ United States Courts, 
District Attorneys and 
United States Marshal's 
and Commissioners' and Shipping Commissioners' offices and 
the offices of Inspectors of Steamboats. The building was 
erected in 1850. There is no record of the first custom 
house, although such a building existed as early as 1763. In 
1789 the customs office was in Commerce Row west of the 
City Exchange. From there it was removed to a building 
which stood on the site of the old Georgia Historical So- 
ciety building on Bryan street, and afterwards to the City 
Exchange until the present Custom House was built. Tlie 
building is open to visitors. 

The Morning News Building, on Whitaker street, is one 
of the largest and finest buildings in Savannah. It was 
erected in 1876 and was enlarged in 1886. It is six stories 
high, and its tower, nearly one hundred feet above the street, 
commands a magnificent view of the city and the surround- 
ing country. The entire building is occupied by the Morning 
News Printing House. 

Masonic Temple, at Liberty and "Whitaker streets, was 
built by Solomon's LodgeNo. 1, the oldest lodge of Freemasons 
in this country. There is little but tradition concerning the 
early history of Freemasonry in Georgia. The records of 
Solomon's Lodge previous to the Revolution of 1776 were 
destroyed during the occupancy of the city by the British. 
The present records go back to 1784. According to the rec- 
ords of the Grand Lodge of England the lodge was organized 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 47 

in 1735 under a charter from that body. Solomon's Lodge 
is not only the mother lodge of Georgia, which gave the 
present Grand Lodge its existence, but it is the oldest work- 
ing body of Masons in America. Among its archives is a 
Bible presented by Oglethorpe. 

The Odd-Fellows' Building, at Barnard and State 
streets, is on the site of the building burned in 1889. When 
Washington visited Savannah in 1791 he was entertained 
in the house that formerly occupied this site. The 
new building is a handsome structure, and is the meet- 
ing place of five lodges, an encampment and a uniformed 
canton of the order. Oglethorpe Lodge, No. 1, is the mother 
lodge of Odd-Fellows in Georgia. It was organized in 1842. 
The Grand Lodge of Georgia was organized in Savannah in 
1844. 

The Cotton Exchange was organized in 1872. Its build- 
ing, on Bay street, at the foot of Drayton, is one of the finest 
in the city. Visitors are admitted to the floor of the Ex- 
change through introduction by members. 

The Board of Trade, organized as the Savannah Naval 
Stores Exchange in 1882, was reorganized as the Board of 
Trade in 1883, its original purpose and scope having been 
enlarged to include other branches of trade than naval stores. 
It is supported by the naval stores, rice, grain, flour, and 
provisions, and fertilizer interests. 

The Chatham Academy, at Bull, South Broad and Dray- 
ton streets, was incorporated in 1788, and is the oldest 
educational institution in Georgia. The first free school in 
Savannah was established in 1816. The Chatham Academy 
building was erected by the Chatham Academy Trustees and 
the Union Society in 1818. In 1886 the interest of the lat- 
ter was purchased and the building was remodeled. It con- 
tains the High School, the Chatham Academy Grammar 
School, and offices of the Superintendent of Schools and the 
Board of Education. 

The Green Residence, on Bull street, fronting Madison 
Square, was General Sherman's headquarters during his 




JN — 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. ^9 

occupancy of the city after the Confederate evacuation in 1864, 
and it has since been known as " Sherman's Headquarters." 
The residence is on the English style of architecture, and 
its occupancy by Shernaan has made it a point of historical 
interest. 

The Public Market, in Market Square, is to strangers a 
point of special interest. The market building covers an 
entire square. It was built in 1872. The roomy basement, 
half underground, and the market above it, are the great 
food supply center of the city. A Saturday night visit to 
the Market affords one of the most interesting sights in 
Savannah. 

The Police Barracks, at South Broad and Habersham 
streets, is the headquarters of the Police Department. The 
building contains the Police Court-room, officers' quarters 
and barracks-rooms, and City Jail. It was erected in 18G8. 

The County Jail, on Habersham street, south of the 
Police Barracks, was built in 1887 at a cost of $50,000. It 
is of brick and iron, with iron cells, and Sheriflfs residence. 

The Cotton Compresses are among the principal objects 
of interest to visitors. The Gordon presses are at the Ocean 
Steamship Company's wharves, and the Upper Hydrau- 
lic Presses are at the foot of Montgomery street. A bale 
of uncompressed cotton averages 381 cubic feet, with an 
average of 12f pounds per cubic foot. After the bale has 
been compressed it averages IS cubic feet, with an average 
of 28 pounds per cubic foot. The pressure in compressing a 
bale is from 1,500 to 2,000 tons. In no city in this country 
has the attention been paid to compressing cotton that there 
is in Savannah. 

The Rice Mills of Savannah are interesting, from the 
fact that, except those in South Carolina and Louisiana, they 
are the only mills in this country. There are three mills — 
the Upper Mills, on River street, near Farm ; the Planters' 
Mill, on River street, near Ann, and the Savannah Mill, on 
River street, at the foot of East Broad. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 51 

SAVANNAH'S CHURCHES. 

m ll^lnii — ■ 

Christ Church, on Bull street, fronting Johnson Square, 
is the mother church of the Episcopal Communion in Geor- 
gia. Christ Church parish was founded soon after the set- 
tlement of Savannah. The first edifice was begun in 1743, 
but was not completed until 1750. In 1796 it was destroyed 
by fire and was rebuilt upon an enlarged plan in 1803. The 
next year it was partly demolished by a hurricane and was not 
rebuilt until 1810. In 1838 the corner-stone of the present 
edifice was laid, the old church having been torn down, 
and the building was completed in 1840. The founder 
of Christ Church was Eev. Henry Herbert, who came 
over from England with Oglethorpe. John Wesley 
was its third rector, and on the site of the present edifice 
stood the rude chapel, in which he ministered as Chaplain to 
the colonists. The late Bishop Stephen Elliott was rector of 
the church from 1861 until his death, in 1866, and in the 
chancel is a beautiful window to his memory. The interior 
of the church is interesting. The chancel railing, table and 
stalls are handsomely carved, and the memorial lectern and 
font are works of art. The exterior presents a singular 
architectural appearance. Its style, partly Ionic, is rather 
financial than ecclesiastic, and the church is a solid and, 
not altogether, unimposing structure. It was in Christ Church 
that the first Sunday-school was established by John Wesley, 
nearly fifty years before Eobert Baikes, who is honored as 
the founder of Sunday-schools, originated the scheme of 
Sunday instruction in Gloucester, England, and eighty years 
before the first Sunday-school in Amei-ica, on the Baikes 
plan, was established. 

St. John's Episcopal Church, on Bull street, fronting 
Madison Square, is, architecturally, one of the finest churches 
in the city. It is on the English style of Gothic, with rich , 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 53 



stained glass windows. The brass lectern, from which the 
design for the lectern in St. James Cathedral, Toronto, was 
taken, is an interesting work of art. The church was built 
in 1853. The parish was founded in 1841. Its first house 
of worship was on South Broad street, between Barnard and 
Jefferson. St. Matthews Episcopal Church, at Duffy and 
Barnard streets, is a mission of St. Johns. 

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Ascension, 
on Bull street, fronting Court-House Square, is the third edi- 
fice on the same site. The congregation was organized in 
1750. The earlj- records of the society are lost, but it is sup- 
posed to have been founded by two German preachers — 
Ruben horst and Wottman. The present church was built 
in 1877. 

The Independent Presbyterian Church (rebuilding), at 
Bull and South Broad streets, will, when completed, be the 
finest church in the city, next to the Roman Catholic Cathe- 
dral. The first Presbyterian society in Savannah was or- 
ganized in 1755 l5y Rev. John Zubly, D. D. The first 
church was on Market Square. It was destroyed in the fire 
of 1796 and another building was erected on Whitaker street, 
between President and York, where the Hanley building 
now stands. The steeple of the church was blown down 
and the building was partly demolished in the gale of 1804. 
It was repaired and used until 1819, when it was torn down 
and the congregation removed to the church at Bull and 
South Broad streets, which, up to its destruction in the fire 
of April, 1889, was one of the finest churches in the South. 
It is now being rebuilt upon exactly the same plan as the 
original church, and, when completed, will have cost $115,- 
000. The burned edifice was begun in 1817 and was dedi- 
cated May 9, 1819. President James Monroe, who was vis- 
iting Savannah at the time, assisted, with his suite, in the 
ceremonies. The corner-stone for the present edifice was 
laid January 13, 1890. 

The First Presbyterian Church, on Bull street, front- 
ing Monterey Square, is the .second Presbyterian Church in 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 55 

Savannah. The congregation was organized in 1827. The 
first church was on Broughton street, between Barnard and 
Jefferson. The present edifice was begun in 1856, but it was 
not completed until after the war. 

The first Methodist preacher sent to Savannah was 
Brierly Allen, who arrived in Georgia in 1785. The first 
Methodist society was organized in 1806, and services were 
held at the houses of the members. The first church was 
begun in 1813 at the corner of Lincoln and South Broad 
streets, and was completed in 1816. It was called Wesley 
Chapel and still remains, but is occupied as residences. 

Wesley Monumental Church, on Abercorn street, front- 
ing Calhoun square, was begun in 1875 and was com- 
pleted in 1889. The church, as its name indicates, is a monu- 
ment to the great founder of Methodism. 

Trinity Methodist Church, or "Old Trinity," as it is 
sometimes called, because of its associations with the early 
history of Methodism in Savannah, is on Barnard street 
fronting Telfair place, and is the leading Methodist church 
in Savannah. The edifice is comparatively modern, having 
been built in 1848. 

The First Baptist Church, on Chippewa square, is the 
leading Baptist church in Savannah. It was built in 1833. 
The first Baptist society in Savannah was organized in 1795. 
A church was built in Franklin square, on the site of the 
present First African Baptist church, and was dedicated in 
1800. It was occupied until the present church on Chippewa 
square was built thirty-three years later. The Duffy Street 
Baptist church is a mission of the First Baptist church. 

The Roman Catholic religion was established in Savan- 
nah during the latter part of the last century, after Georgia 
became a Royal Province. The first church was built in 
Liberty square, but was torn down in 1838. The Cathedral 
of St. John the Baptint, the domxis of the Roman Catholic 
See of Savannah, on Abercorn street, fronting Lafayette 
square, is one of the finest ecclesiastical structures in the 
South. It originated with Bishop Ignatius Persico, now a 




MICKVA ISRAEL SYNAGOGUE. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 57 

member of the papal liousehold, who took the initial 
measures for its erection. The corner stone was laid in 1874 
and the Cathedral was dedicated under the episcopac}^ of 
Bishop Gross, the present Archbishop of Oregon, in 1876. 
The architecture is French gothic, in the style of the great 
Xotre Dame Cathedral of Paris, with nave and transepts. 
The interior is lofty and imposing ; the triple rows of groined 
arches meeting at their apices, sixty-five feet above the floor, 
supported by columns of bronze exquisitely capped with 
original compositions. The sanctuary is fifty feet deep and 
its rail is ninety-nine feet in length. The main altar is of 
white marble. The principal side altars are to the Sacred 
Heart and to the Virgin and to St. Joseph. Above the altar 
to the Virgin is a copy of Murillo's '' Immaculate Concep- 
tion." Adjoining the Cathedral and connected with it by 
cloisters is the episcopal residence. 

The Convent of St. Vincent de Paul is north of the 
Cathedral. The buildings consist of the convent cloisters 
and chapel and school rooms, covering the entire block 
fronting Libert}^ str3et between Abercorn and Lincoln 
streets. The convent was founded in 1842 by Rev. J. F 
O'Neill, the pioneer priest of Georgia. It is the mother 
house of the Sisterhood of Mercy in the diocese. The 
convent possesses a number of interesting works of art. 
In the chapel is a representation in wood carving of the 
" Dead Christ " supported by the Virgin Mary. The work 
is a copy of the famous group executed for the Bishop of 
Minster in Westphalia. In the convent garden is a terra 
Gotta statue of St. Benedict. 

St. Patrick's Parish was founded in 1865. Its church at 
West Broad and Liberty streets is a handsome structure. 
Adjoining it is the pastor's house. 

The first Hebrew congregation in Savannah was es- 
tablished by a colony of Israelites which came over shortly 
after Oglethorpe arrived. The congregation was called 
Mickva Israel. Its early history, however, is uncertain, as 
there are no records j^rior to its charter, which was granted 



58 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

in 1790. The corner stone of the present Mickva Israel 
Synagogue on Monterey square was laid in 1876, and the 
building was completed in 1878. The first synagogue was 
built in 1820 at the corner of Liberty and Whitaker streets. 
In 1829 it was destroyed by fire and a new edifice was built 
on the same site in 1841. The congregation B'jSTai Brith 
Jacob has a synagogue at the corner of State and ^lontgom- 
ery streets, and the Chebrah Talmud Torah congregation 
worships in a house on Broughton street. 

A SOCIETY OF SwEDENBOiiGiAxs has cxistcd in Savannah 
for many years, but until the Park New-Church, at Drayton 
and Huntingdon streets, fronting the park, was completed in 
1889, the society was without a church edifice. 

The Young Men's Christian Association, at Bull and 
Jones streets, has a free reading room and amusement rooms, 
with evening classes and a gymnasium for the use of its 
members. The Association occupies its own building, which 
is open from 8 A. M. to 10 p. m. 

The colored churches of Savannah number about twenty. 
The Baptist and Methodist are the strongest denominations 
numerically. The colored Baptists have seven churches, 
one of which, the First African Baptist church in Franklin 
square, has over five thousand communicants. The Metho- 
dists have four churches, the Episcopalians two, Presbyterian 
and Congregational two, and Eoman Catholic one. 




Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



ASYLUMS AND HOMES. 



Savannah is rich in charitable and benevolent institutions. 
The oldest are the orphanage at Bethesda and the female 
Orphan Asylum at Bull and Charlton streets. 

Bethesda is ten miles from Savannah by the public roads 
and eight miles by rail. The City and Suburban Railwaj'^ 
runs regular trains to Bethesda station, and a walk of a 
thu-d of a mile brings one to the historic place where Eev. 




George AVhitcfield established his orphan house in 1740 The 
original buildings, towards the erection of which the people 
of two continents, aroused by the eloquent appeals of the 
great preacher for aid, gave with unbounded liberality, and 
the first bricks of which were laid by Whitefield's own 
hands, were struck by lightning and burned a short time 
after his death, which occurred in 1770. They were re- 
built, but were left in ruins when the British army evacuated 
the State. Lady Huntingdon, Whitefield's friend, labored 
with Christian zeal to forward the interests of Bethesda. 
At her death, which occurred in 1791, the school which she 
established was disf.'on tinned, and the State government, as 
successors to the trust, claimed the property. An unsuccess- 
ful attempt was made to establish Bethesda as a State insti- 



GO Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

tution, but in 1805 a fire damaged tlie Orphanage and a hur- 
ricane destroyed the outbuildings and the plantation. The 
Legislature ordered the property sold and the proceeds dis- 
tributed among several charitable institutions, one of which 
was the Union Society. This society was founded in 1750, 
and its good works included the care of orphans and desti- 
tute children. Forty-five years after the sale and division 
of the Bethesda estate, the Union Society purchased one 
hundred and twenty-five acres of the property, which in- 
cluded the original site of Whitefield's Orphan House. Suita- 
ble buildings were erected, and the boys under the charge 
of the society were removed from Savannah to this historic 
spot. Bethesda was thus restored. During the civil war, 
owing to the proximity of the orphanage to the coast, the 
boys were removed and Confederate soldiers occupied the 
buildings. Upon the occupation of the country by the 
Federal army a detachment of Federal soldiers was stationed 
at Bethesda, Shortly after the close of the war the orphan 
house was re-established. ' In 1870 the main building of the 
present orphanage was built, and ten years later the western 
wing was added. The eastern wing is still unbuilt. 
Through the liberality of one of its members the society 
was enabled to build and equip a technological department. 
There are one hundred boys now under the charge of the 
society. All have the benefits of the school, and the larger 
boys are instructed in the mechanical arts. In addition to 
these instructions they are required to assist in farm 
work. The discipline is positive but gentle, conforming 
more to that of a family than to that of a semi-public insti- 
tution. The boys, although bound to the society until they 
arrive at the age of eighteen, are allowed to leave at any 
time, provided there are satisfactory reasons for their doing 
so. The orphan house is supported by a small income ob- 
tained from rentals of city property and the yearly dues of 
the members of the society. Bethesda is open at all times 
to visitors. The President of the society is Colonel J. H. 
Estill,. who has had charge of the interests of the Bethesda 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 61 

Orphanage longer than any person except its founder, George 
Whitefield. 

The Female Orphan Asylum had a common origin with 
the Union Society in 1750, for the care and education of 
orphan and destitute children in general, who enjoyed its 
charities, without distinction of sex, until December 17, 
1801, when the sexes were separated. The Female Orplian 
Asylum began then a distinct existence, the boj's remaining 
with the Union Society. It is one of the many venerable 
institutions of which the city boasts. 

The Abrams Widows' Home, at East Broad and Brough- 
ton streets, was founded through the generosity of a noble- 
hearted Christian woman of that name. As its name sug- 
gests, it is a home for indigent widows. Unsectarian in its 
character its benefits are enjoyed by all sects, and its kindly 
charities are poured out without reference to the distinctions 
of society. 

The Episcopal Orphans' Home, at Liberty and Jefferson 
streets, was founded in 1854. It is under the patronage of 
the Episcopal church. The present asylum building was 
erected in 1886. 

The Industrial Relief Society and the Home for the 
Friendless, at Drayton and Charlton streets, was incorporated 
in 1849, and was organized in 1875. It is a refuge for indi- 
gent women. 

St. Mary's Orphans' Home, at Habersham and St. Paul 
streets, is a Roman Catholic institution for the care of or- 
phan girls, and is under the patronage of the Female Or- 
phan Benevolent Society. 

The Little Minnie Mission, a home for waifs, at Jones 
and Lincoln streets, was established through the charity of 
Mrs. Charles M. Green. 

The Widow's Home, at West Broad and President streets, 
was founded by Miss Mary Telfair. 

The Asylum of the Little Sisters of the Poor, at Dray- 
ton and Perry streets, established in 1890, is the fii'st institu- 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 63 

tion of the Sisterhood in the South. It is under the patron- 
age of ti)e Roman Catholic church. 

The Sacred Heart Orphanage, for colored cliildrcn. on 
St. James street, is under the patronage of the llomau Catho- 
lic church. 



THE HOSPITALS. 

The Savannah HosriTAL, at Huntingdon and D aj^ton 
streets, was incorporated in 1835. It is not a municipal 
charity, but a private corporation. It receives from the city, 
however, an annual appropriation for the treatment of the 
poor. The hospital building and grounds are among the 
finest in the South. The visiting days are Wednesdays and 
Sundays from 2 to 6 o'clock p. m. 

St. Joseph's Infirmary, at the coi-nor of Taylor and 
Habersham streets, is the hospital of the Sisters of Mercy. 
It was organized in June, 1875, and is supported by volun- 
tary contributions and pay patients. Its charities are ex- 
tended without distinction of creed. Visitors are received 
at any time. 

The Telfair Hospital for Females, at ISTew Houston and 
Drayton streets, was founded in 1883 through a bequest by 
Miss Mary Telfair. It is one of the best arranged hospitals 
in the South. The visiting days are Tuesdays and Fridays 
from 3 to 6 o'clock p. m. 

The Georgia Infirmary for colored people on Sixth 
street, is supported by an appropriation by the city and by 
contributions. 




64 Savannah and Its Surroundincjs. 



CEMETERIES. 



Laurel Ghove is the principal burial place of Savannah. 
It is nearest to the city of any of the suburban cemeteries, 
and although not as famous for its scenery as Bonaventure, 
it is one of the most interesting places around Savannah. 
It is within fifteen minutes ride by horse car of the hotels. 
The cemetery was established in 1852, and the first inter- 
ment was in October of that year. It is situated on high 
ground surrounded by native forests and is a picturesque 
and beautiful spot. Its establishment was rendered neces- 
sary by the crowded condition of the old cemetery on 
South Broad street, which has been a burial place for more 
than a century. The Confederate soldiers' lot in Laurel 
Grove is one of the most interesting spots in the ceme- 
tery. Here repose nearly fifteen hundred heroes of the 
civil war, whose remains were gathered from the distant 
battlefields on which they fell and were given a soldier's 
burial. The noble work was accomplished by the Ladies' 
Memorial Association of Savannah, which, with sacred care, 
has watched over their graves, and on Memorial Day decor- 
ates them with the bright flowers of spring. A marble 
statute of "Silence," which was originally one of the statues 
of the Confederate monument in the parade ground, keeps 
guard over this "bivouac of the heroic dead." Each grave 
is marked by a neat marble headstone. 

The Jewish cemetery is a part of Laurel Grove. The 
Jews' old burying grounds are on the western limits of the 
city, and are small enclosures shut in by high brick walls. 
One of them, the ruins of which only remain, was a burying 
ground before the Revolution, and within its walls was the 
rallying place of the American and French forces after their 
repulse at the battle of Spring Hill in 1779. The other 



66 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



burying ground is a few yards south, Neither has been 
used for many years. 

The c )LORed burying ground is a part of Laurel Grove, 
and is justbeyoud the main enclosure. To a stranger it is 
worth a visit. 

The Cathedral cemetery, the Roman Catholic burial 
place, is on the Thunderbolt shell road and the Coast Line rail- 
road, two miles from the city. The cemetery was founded 
in 1852, and contains forty-five acres. It is handsomely laid 
off and contains many fine mounds. It is the burial place 
of Bishops Barry, Baron and Gartland. Before the Cathe- 
dral cemetery was founded the Boman Catholic burial place 
was a part of the old cemetery on South Broad street. 

The old burying ground on South Broad street is one of 
the oldest cemeteries in America. It was closed in 1852. 
The ancient vaults and tombs still remain, although ihey 
are rapidly crumbling awaj\ The history of the cemetery 
is obscure. It was originally the burial place for Christ 
church parish. Up to 1763 it contained about half an acre of 
ground, but in that j^ear it was enlarged. Savannah had been 
settled thirty-one years before it required an acre of ground 
in which to bury its dead. In 1768 the cemetery was made 
a public burial place. It is surrounded by a high brick wall 
and the interior is grown up with weeds and briers. It con- 
tains the tombs of many of the early colonists of Georgia. 
The oldest graves, in what was the original burying ground, 
are midway between the South Broad street gate and the 
Abercorn street gate. The inscriptions on mau}^ of the old 
slabs are so worn away that they are scarcely legible. The 
graves of three of Christ church's early rectors — Bartholo- 
mew Zouberbuhler, died September 2, 1766, rector of the 
parish twenty-one years ; Samuel Frink, died October 4, 1771 ; 
Edward Ellington, died 1795 — are marked with broad stone 
slabs and are objects of interest. General Nathaniel Greene 
was buried here, and the cemetery contains the graves of 
many heroes of the Revolution whose names are familiar to 
history. Sir Patrick Houston, baronet, president of His 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 67 

Majesty's Council of Georgia, who died in 1762, and Lady 
Houston, v/ho died in 1775, are also buried here. 

Evergreen cemetery (Bonaventure) is four miles from 
the city on the Thunderbolt shell road and the Coast Line 
railroad, on the banks of the Thunderbolt River. Its 
natural beauty, with its historic associations, render it one 
of the most interesting places near Savannah. It contains 
one hundred and forty acres, seventy of which are enclosed. 
The cemetery was established in 1869. 

— ^<« ►—.^ Wfi>^ 

THE MILITARY. 

— • !Ol " 

Savannah is pre-eminently a military city. Nowhere in 
the South is the military esprit du corps maintained with 
such ardor and enthusiasm. The chivalric spirit has always 
been high. The earliest picture of Savannah represents a 
few scattered houses surrounded by a wall of forest with a 
battery of cannon commanding the river. The colony was 
planted upon ground claimed by the Spaniards, and within 
easy reach of the strong fortress of St. Augustine, from 
which the land and naval forces of Philip V were hurled 
against the little handful of Englishmen. A regiment was 
one of the first of Oglethorpe's necessities, and from the 
beginning the colonists felt that the safety of their altars and 
firesides depended upon stout arms and brave hearts. The 
spirit then born has never since died. The soldiery which 
Savannah sent to four wars has illustrated the prowess of 
Southern chivalry. During the civil war Savannah furnished 
over three thousand troops to the confederate service. Its 
leading military organizations — the First Volunteer Regi- 
ment of Georgia, the Chatham Artillery, Savannah Volun- 
teer Guards and the Georgia Hussars — antedate the civil 
wax by more than half a century. 



68 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



The Chatham Artillery, the oldest artillery company but 
one in the United States, was organized May 1, 17SG, its 
birth being coeval with the termination of the Revolution. 
The company bears to Savannah the same relation that the 
Ancient and Honorable Artillery of Massachusetts does to 
Boston. A month after its organization it discharged its 
first mournful duty at the funeral of General Nathaniel 
Greene, and it fired minute guns at Washington's funeral. 
During the war of 1812 it formed a part of the garrison of 
Fort Jackson. When the corner stones of the Pulaski and 
Greene monuments were laid in 1825 it participated in the 
ceremony and fired a salute in honor of Lafayette. During 
the civil war it served at Fort Pulaski and other points 
around Savannah, and took a conspicuous part in the bat- 
tles of Olustee and Battery Wagner, and served with the 
western army until its surrender. Its connection with the 
military service of the Confederacy began with the occupa- 
tion of Fort Pulaski in 1861 and continued until the last 
gun of the war had been fired. The company took part in 
the Yorktown centennial in 1876, and celebrated its own 
centennial in 1886. It is an interesting fact that during the 
civil war the Chatham Artillery furnished from its member- 
ship to the confederate and state service more than fifty 
commissioned officers. 




The Washington guns, so-called from their having been 
presented to the Chatham Artillery by General Washington, 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 69 

shortlj^ after his visit to Savannah in 1791, are relics around 
which cluster the memories of many historic events. They 
were used against the Continental army during the Revo- 
lution, and were surrendered by Lord Cornwallis at York- 
town. Their possession by the Chatham Artillery has 
always been guarded with jealous devotion. When the 
Confederate army evacuated Savannaii, to prevent their 
falling into the hands of the enemy they were buried under 
the armory. Many efforts were made by the Union soldiers 
to find them. The armory yard and beneath the basement 
were even probed with iron rods. So securely were the guns 
hidden that after the war they were with great difficulty re- 
covered. 

The Georgia Hussars, which were a part of the famous 
''Jeff Davis Legion" during the civil war, were organized 
shortly after the war of 1812, by the consolidation of the 
Chatham Hussars and the Chatham Light Dragoons, the lat- 
ter of which was an organized command as early as 1781, and 
officiated with the Chatham Artillery at the funeral of 
General Greene in 1786. The troop was constantly on duty 
with the Chatham Artillery, the Savannaii Volunteer 
Guards, the Republican Blues and other companies of which 
no record is in existence, during the war of 1812. The 
Hussars are now a part of the First Georgia Regiment of 
Cavalry. 

The Savannah Volunteer Guards is the oldest infantry 
corps in Georgia. In consequence of the loss of its early 
records and the inaccessibility of other sources of accurate 
information, if such are still in existence, the history of the 
corps prior to 1818 is obscure. It was organized in 1802, 
and one of its first parades was during the visit of Vice- 
President Aaron Burr to Savannah. It was on duty during 
the war of 1812, and a part of the corps was sent to Florida 
on an expedition againt St. Augustine. Later on in 1819 it 
took part in the reception of President Monroe and in 1825 
it paraded in honor of Lafayette. It took a conspicuous 
part in the civil war, and sun-endered with Lee at Appomat- 



70 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

tox. It is now composed of three companies. Its temporary 
iirmory is on Madison square. 

The First Volukteer Regiment of Georgia, whose his- 
tory as a part of the militia organization goes back to the 
Revolutionary war, is composed of five companies — the 
Republican Blues, organized in 1S08, the Irish Jasper 
Greens in 1843, the German Volunteers in 1846, the Ogle- 
thorpe Light Infantry in 1856 and the Savannah Cadets in 
1861. The regimental armory is at Abercorn and Hunting- 
don streets. 

The colored military, also a part of the state forces, 
numbers about five hundred men, and is composed of the 
First Georgia Battalion of six companies, organized in 1878, 
tht; Georgia Artillery and the Savannah Hussars. 

THE OLD FORTIFICATIONS. 

■ ■llOlln- 

The defenses of Savannah during the civil war still re- 
main, except where they have been leveled to make room 
for the city's growth. Four lines of defense were adopted, 
but only three were built. The first, or exterior line, was 
built early in the war to protect the coast from attacks by 
the Federal navy and to prevent the landing of troops. It 
extended from Causton's Bluff", four miles east of Savannah, 
to the Ogeechee River, and embraced Greenwich Park, 
Thunderbolt, Isle of Hope and Beaulieu. Detached works 
were built on Whitmarsli, Oatland, Skidaway and Green 
Islands, but these were only occupied a portion of the time, 
and towards the close of the war were abandoned. The 
general character of the works was water batteries, con- 
structed of earth, and reveted with sand bags, sods and 
fascines, and with traverses. 



72 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

The river batteries at and around Fort Jackson were in- 
tended for the protection of the main water approach. Fort 
Bartow, through which the Tybee railroad now runs, was 
the most important of these works and was the largest and 
most complete fortification on the coast. It was a bas- 
tioned work enclosing an area of seventeen acres, with glacis, 
moat, curtains, bomb proofs and surgeons' rooms under ground, 
and with advanced batteries and rifle pits in front, near the 
water. The ruins of the fortification, although overgrown 
with trees and bushes, are worth visiting. 

Fort McAllister, on the south bank of the Ogeechee 
River at Genesis Point, was an enclosed work of about an 
acre, detached and isolated, irregular in form, but compactly 
built, and adapted to its condition and surroundings. The 
armament was heavy, and the gallant and successful de- 
fenses it repeatedly made against the Federal iron clads, and 
Sherman's corps from the land side, have given it a name 
and place in the history of Savannah's defenses. Though 
an insignificant earth work, it was, by location and circum- 
stances, called upon to act a giant's part. 

The second line was what was known as the interior line 
of defense. This was almost semi-circular in contour, and 
distant from the city an average of three- fourths of a mile ; 
its left resting at Fort Boggs ; its right resting at a point a 
little south of Laurel Grove cemetery, and on the low lands 
of the Springfield plantation. The line was to resist any 
direct assault upon the city, should a force succeed in pass- 
ing the exterior line. It consisted of detached lunettes at 
regular intervals, constructed with mutual flank defense, 
and having sectors of fire, covering the entire space in front 
of the line, all growth having been cut for half a mile in ad- 
vance. The curtains were not of the same heavy character 
as the lunettes, but consisted of rifle pits and covered ways 
for direct communication. Abattis were constructed in 
front of the many lunettes. No portion of this line was 
ever subjected to attack. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 73 



Fort Boj?gs, ou the left of the line, was a bastioned work 
about an acre and a half in area. Fort Brown, near the 
Catholic cemetery, was a point of some importance, more, 
however, from its early location and construction than anj^ 
special merit. The earthwork crosses the Thunderbolt shell 
road just beyond the cemetery and the fort is near by. 

It was not until the early part of 1864, when Sherman's 
army was gradually approaching the coast, that it was 
thought necessary to fortify Savannah inland. At this 
juncture a line of defense was adopted and constructed on 
the west of Savannah. The right of the line rested on 
the Savannah River, four miles from the city; the left 
rested on Salt Creek, about seven miles from the city. The 
defense consisted of detached works, continuously connected 
with rifle pits. The natural defense was very great; the 
swamps and low lands on the front of the line in many 
places being impenetrable and making it difficult of ap- 
proach. This was the line upon which the defense of Sa- 
vannah was made for eight days and maintained successfully 
against Sherman's forces, and which a picket's guard held 
while the city was evacuated. 

In the war of 1812 the city's line of defense extended 
from the foot of Broughton street to the west side of Lafay- 
ette square, and crossed the site of the present Cathedral of 
St. John the Baptist. It then diverged and followed the 
present line of Liberty street lane across Bull street, where 
the De Soto now stands, to Spring Hill, occupied by the Cen- 
tral railroad passenger depot, and thence to the foot of 
Farm street. The ruins of these defenses have long since 
disappeared. 

FORT PFLASKI. 

Fort Pulaski is the principal object of interest at the en- 
trance to the harbor. It is on Cockspur Island, fourteen 
miles from the city, and commands both entrances to the 
river. It was named after Count Pulaski. Its siege and 
capture are a memorable event in the history of tlie civil 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 75 

war. The fort was begun in 1831, and was sixteen years in 
building and cost over a million of dollars. Its walls contain 
over thirteen millions of brick. It has five faces and is 
casemated on all sides. The walls are seven and a half feet 
thick and rise twenty-five feet above the water. The fort 
was built for an armament of one hundred and forty guns. 
The gorge is covered with an eai'thwork of bold relief The 
main work and the demilune are both surrounded and di- 
vided by a wide ditch. 

The fort was taken possession of by Georgia troops early in 
1861, and was occupied until after the capture of Tybee 
Island and the advance of the Federal batteries. Its 
bombardment April 10, 1862, was from King's Landing on 
Tybee Island, three-quarters of a mile distant. Early on 
the morning of the bombardment Major General Hun- 
ter, of the Federal army, dispatched an officer in an 
open boat, bearing a flag of truce, with a summons 
to the commanding officer in the fort to surrender. To 
this Colonel Charles H. Olmstead, the commandant, la- 
conically and heroically replied: "I am here to defend the 
fort, not to surrender it." Upon the receipt of this reply by 
the Federal commander, orders were issued for the com- 
mencement of the bombardment, which lasted for twenty- 
seven hours. The second day at noon all but two of the 
casemate guns bearing on Tybee were dismounted, and but 
two of the barbette guns were left; the outer walls of two 
of the casemates had been shot away, and others were in a 
crumbling condition ; the moat was bridged over by the 
ruins of the walls ; most of the traverses were riddled ; the 
officers' quarters were damaged; the magazine was in 
momentary danger of being exploded, and all avenues of 
escape for the garrison being cut off, a surrender was de- 
termined upon and the fort capitulated. After the Federal 
forces took possession, the damages to the casemates were 
repaired. The garrison was withdrawn shortly after the 
close of hostilities and only a sergeant was left in charge. The 
fort is in full view of steamers entering the harbor and is an 



76 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



object of interest to strangers. It is readied only by special 
boats, which land through permission from the United 
States army engineers' office in Savannah. 

Three miles below the city on the south bank of the river 
is Fort Oglethorpe, formerly known as Fort Jackson, after 
Governor James Jackson. It was originally a small brick 
work projected in 1808, and occupied during the war of 
1812-15, since which time it has been rebuilt, and is now an 
important element in the river defense of Savannah. 




^i 



^ - ' '?%~ " Wwm^^ 




SAVANNAH'S RESORTS. 



^fe 



'^^pAVANNAH abounds in beautifnl resorts, famous 
"f "^^^ for their situation, scenery and historic interest. 
^|3t^ Thunderbolt, Warsaw beach, Greenwich Park, 
Bonaventure, Isle of Hope, Montgomery, Beaulieu, White 
Bluff and Tybee beach are the principal resorts, each with 
its own attraction. The country around Savannah is attrac- 
tive for its peculiarities of landscape. The scenery is char- 
acteristic in its beauty. The principal drives are over the 
Thunderbolt and White Bluff shell roads, magnificent 
roadways, lined with majestic oaks and towering pines and 
rich farms of unlimited fertility. A visit to Savannah 
without a drive over its shell roads is incomplete. In mid- 
winter wild roses and jasmine bloom among the hedges, 
mingled with the hanging moss, and magnolias and the tall 
sycamore form avenues of beauty, nowhere else to be found. 
An afternoon drive under the stately oaks of Bonaven- 
ture, with a view of the great salt marshes, and along the 
river bluff to Greenwich Park, and back to the city in twi- 
light, is one of the most charming features of a day's sight- 
seeing. At sunset Bonaventure presents a scene unequaled 
in picturesqueness. The wide solemn avenues, with here 
and there a marble shaft penetrating the shadows, the phan- 
tom-like arms of the dark broad-spreading oaks with their 
motionless pendants of pale gray moss, form a picture of 
weird and wonderful beauty. 

The country east of Savannah to the Thunderbolt river is 



Savannah and Its S^irroundings. 79 

occupied by farms; beyond is a great expanse of salt 
marshes between the main hind and the sea islands. To the 
north is Hutchinson's Island, between the Savannah River 
and Back River. The island formerly belonged to South 
Carolina, but was purchased by the city several years ago, 
and a part of it is occupied by rice plantations. West of 
the city are rich farms and to the south are thousands of 
acres of fertile land. The principal rice plantations are 
along the Savannah and Back Rivers, above and below the 
city, and on the Ogeechee River some some distance south 
of Savannah. Savannah's resorts on the salts are beyond 
the immediate suburbs with farms intervening. The seaside 
resorts are within easy reach by rail or boat. 

BONA VENTURE. 

Bonaventure has long been famous among the places of 
interest around Savannah, for its natural beauty and its 
historic and romantic associations. There are many fine 
monuments in the cemetery, but no marble can vie in 
beauty and grandeur with the mighty yet graceful oaks 
which spread their arched boughs and superb foliage over 
the wide avenues. The cemetery is reached by a drive of 
four miles over the Thunderbolt shell road, or by the Coast 
Line railroad. It derives its name from the original tract 
of land of which it formed a part. The corporate name of 
the cemetery is Evergreen. 

The place was first settled about 1760 by Colonel John 
Mulryne, who came to this country from England and re- 
moved from South Carolina to Georg-a. By marriage the 
property passed into the possession of the Tattnall family, 
and it was here that Governor Tattnall was born in 1765. 
The first house built by Colonel Mulryne was upon the high 
ground overlooking Thunderbolt River and facing the center 
walk of the old garden which extended in terraces from the 
plateau to the river. This house was destroyed by fire in the 
latter part of the last century, during a dinner entertainment. 
The roof taking fire first, all hope of saving the building wa.*^ 



so Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

abandoned and the dinner was removed to tlie trees and 
there finished. The marriage of Colonel Mulryne's daughter, 
Mary, and Josiah Tattnall is of peculiar interest in the his- 
tory of Bonaventure, since from it date the avenues of mag- 
nificent trees which form the pride and chief feature of in- 
terest of the place. The trees were planted about that time, 
and tradition has it, in the forms of the letters M and T, the 
initials of the Mulryne and Tattnall families. A second 
house, built by Governor Tattnall, was also destroyed by 
fire. This house stood in the open space in the rear of the 
site occupied by the first, and its location is marked by a 
large cedar tree, nourished by the ashes of the burnt hearth. 
In 1847 the property passed into the hands of Captain P. 
Wiltberger. who had long associated the quiet and peace of 
the place, its patriarch trees, and their deep, solemn shade, 
its calm and seclusion, with a cemetery. With him origi- 
nated the idea of devoting Bonaventure to its present and 
final use, and his remains sleep under the foliage of its trees. 
( ircums<:ances prevented for a time the execution of Capt. 
Wiltberger's plans, but they were taken up by his son, Major 
W. H. AViltberger, and the formation of the Evergreen Ceme- 
tery Company, in 1SG9, was the result of his efforts The first 
person buried at Bonaventure was the wife of Governor Tatt- 
nall, who died there in 1803, and who was shortly afterward 
followed to the grave by her honored husband. Amongst the 
historical incidents of the place is the rescue of Governor 
Wright, by Colonel Mulryne, during the revolutionary war. 
Colonel Mulryne, a staunch tory, disapproved of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and when the patriots confined Gov- 
ernor Wright in Savannah, Mulryne hastened to his res- 
cue, and conveyed him to Bonaventure until he could be 
placed on board an English man-of-war lying in the river. 
Colonel Mulryne left the country with the Governor, and 
died at Nassau, New Providence. It is also historic that 
the French, after their unsuccessful attack on Savannah, fell 
back to Bonaventure and thence re-embarked many of their 
wounded, burying a number of their dead on the place. 



S2 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

THUNDERBOLT. 

Thunderbolt, on Thunderbolt River, four miles from Sa- 
vannah, is one of its most popular resorts. It is the termi- 
nus of the Coast Line railroad and of the Thunderbolt shell 
road. There is nothing peculiarly striking about the place, 
other than its invigorating sea breezes, fine oaks, delightful 
shade, good salt bathing and excellent fish and oysters. It 
is the main source of the fish and oyster supply for the Sa- 
vannah market. It is the headquarters of the Savannah 
Yacht Club, whose handsome club house and grounds occupy 
a charming site on the bluff just north of the village, in full 
view of Greenwich Park and Bonaventure and commanding 
a magnificent view of the river and the marshes, and of the 
sea islands. All of the regattas under the auspices of the 
Savannah Yacht Club are sailed over the Thunderbolt course. 
The Thunderbolt race track is just west of the village. 
According to local tradition, the place received its name 
from the fall of a thunderbolt and the gushing forth of a 
spring from the spot where the bolt struck. Whether the tradi- 
tion be founded on fact or not, it is nevertheless believed to be 
true, and the spring is pointed out with faith and pride by 
old inhabitants as the Thunderbolt spring. 

Warsaw beach is reached in the summer by steamers from 
Thunderbolt. It is a magnificent bathing ground and is a 
popular resort. 

GREENWICH PARK. 

Greenwich Park is a private pleasure ground occupying a 
bluff on the Thunderbolt river, a short distance east of 
Bonaventure, and commanding a magnificent view of the 
surrounding country. It is reached by a shell road branch- 
ing from the Thunderbolt road at Bonaventure. A branch 
of the Coast Line railroad runs to the park entrance. 
The grounds are handsomely laid out. On the bank of the 
river is the dancing pavillion and back of it are the bowling 
alleys. The military rifle range is a short distance beyond. 
The park is the headquarters of the Savannah Eifle Associa- 



/Savannah and Its Surroundings. 83 

tion, and most of the military contests take place there. 
The place possesses some historic interest, from the fact that 
it was in the line of the city's defenses during the civil war, 
and in the attack of the French forces upon Savannah in 
1779 Count Pulaski and a part of the French army encamped 
there on the march against the city. 

TYBEE. 

Tybee Island, the great seaside resort of the South, is at 
the mouth of the Savannah River. The greater part of the 
island is owned by the Tybee Beach Company. It is reached 
by a fifty minutes' ride over the Savannah and A.t]antic rail- 
way. The route is for the greater distance in full view of 
the harbor and open to the free sweep of the ocean breezes. 
Twickenham, Bruton Hill, Deptford, Causton's Bluff and 
Mackey Point plantations present conspicuous attractions to 
the tourist. The magnificent stalwart oaks of Deptford, with 
their mammoth limbs, beautifully and gracefully draped with 
soft moss, constitute a grove equaling, in grandeur the avenues 
of Bonaventure. Tybee beach, which has been pronounced 
superior to that of Cape May, extends a distance of five 
miles, and is a magnificent and solid roadway commanding a 
complete view of Tybee roads and the ocean. The surf bath- 
ing is unsurpassed. During the bathing season the beach 
presents a scene rivaling in a measure the panoramas of life 
and beauty which render Long Branch, Newport, Cape May 
and Nantucket renowned. It is lined with hotels, cottages 
and club houses from North End to the new Hotel Tybee at 
South End. The railroad runs within full view of the beach. 
The island is also accessible by steamers which land at 
North End. 

Tybee is the most important link in the chain of islands 
which fringe the South Atlantic coast from Charleston to 
Fernandina. The most careful research has failed to fix 
definitely the exact time of its settlement, but from the best 
information it was occupied a short time previous to the set- 
tlement of Savannah by people from the neighboring South 







-*<? 



Mi.' 






i1'i 







^'^'^ I f 



■^-"•^4 f ^^^3 1 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 85 

Carolina islands. One of the most interesting and notc- 
wortliy incidents in connection with its history is that upon 
its soil John Wesley landed and uttered his first prayer in 
Georgia. As early as 1733 a lighthouse was built on the 
island by Oglethorpe, and a plate of the tower is in the Pub- 
lic Record office in London. The first fortification of any 
importance was built by the British. It was an earthwork, 
covered now by the site purchased by the United States 
government for a heavier defensive work, and was designed 
to guard the entrance to the Savannah River. 

One of the most notable and conspicuous objects on the 
island, which is viewed with much interest by visitors, is 
the ]\rartello Tower on the north beach in proximity to the 
lighthouse. It was built in the latter part of the last cen- 
tury by the United States government. It is a curious look- 
ing structure of a concrete of oyster shells and lime. 

Among the historic memories which cluster around T^-bee, 
is that of its being the scene of the first capture of a British 
vessel by an American commissioned man-of-war, in the 
struggle of the colonists. The first bombardment ever 
heard on the island was in September, 1779, when the Eng- 
lish garrison at Fort Tybee was dislodged b}^ the French. 
During the civil war the island was again fortified and occu- 
pied by a garrison, the Confederate troops taking possession 
April 13, 1861. It remained garrisoned until November 
13th, when it was evacuated, the move being hastened by 
the capture of Port Royal by the Federal army, rendering 
the position of the garrison insecure and liable at any time 
to captui'e or isolation. Some time after the Confederate 
evacuation of Tybee, the island was occupied by the Federal 
forces and was made the base of their operations in forcing 
the surrender of Fort Pulaski. From its earliest history 
Tj'bee has been a conspicuous factor in the military annals 
of the State and Union, and its importance as the key to 
the defenses of the coast and river approaches has always 
been recognized. Its development as a seaside resort is the 
result of Savannah enterprise and capital. It has already 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 87 



become the favointe resort of the South, and in 1889 the 
hotels were inadequate to the demands for accommodation, 
in the season's hight. The Savannah and Atlantic Railwa}^ 
was built in 1887 through the enterprise of D. G. Purse, Esq.. 
the present president of the company, who has been, and is, 
largely interested in the development of the island. The 
Hotel Tybee is the finest seaside hotel on the South Atlantic 
coast. 

ISLE OF HOPE. 

Isle of Hope is the terminus of the main line of the City 
and Suburban railway, six miles from Savannah. It is 
charmingly situated on the banks of the Skidaway River. 
It was settled in 1737, four years after Savannah was 
founded. In the London Journal of 1744 an English tourist 
published an interesting account of his travels through Geor- 
gia, specially noting a visit to Isle of Hope and describing in 
vivid language the charming beauty of the place and the 
fortified residence of one of the early settlers, the ruins of 
which yet remain. The village is in the form of a horse 
shoe, and the visitor has from almost any point a sweeping- 
view. From a straggling settlement it has grown to a pretty 
village, and is the summer home of many Savannabians. In 
an air line Isle of Hope is four miles from the ocean, and is 
directly opposite Skidaway Island. In the vicinity are 
numerous points of interest, among them the ruins of the 
fortified residence at "Wormsloe;" at the southern ex- 
tremity of the island is a battery erected during the civil 
war and manned by the Confederate troops assigned for the 
protection of the coast. Not only as a place of visitation, 
but as a winter residence. Isle of Hope is one of the most 
charming and beautiful rural retreats on the coast. 

MONTGOMERY. 

Montgomery is the terminus of the Montgomery branch 
of the City and Suburban line, on the Vernon River, nine 
miles from Savannah. It was settled in 1801, and is one of 
Savannah's most picturesque suburban resorts. The ocean 
is in full view from the bluff overlooking the river, aloncr 



88 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

which are beautiful avenues shaded by rows of magnificent 
oaks. Its healthfiiluess and the picture.iqueness of its sur- 
roundings have made it a favorite spot. The waters in the 
vicinity abound, as they do at Isle of Hope, with fish, 
oysters, crabs and shrimp. 

BEAULIEU. 

Beaulieu is a charming resort on the Vernon River within 
view of Montgomery, and a few minutes' walk of the Mont- 
gomery terminus of the City and Suburban railway. It was 
settled in 1739 by William Stephens, the first president of 
Georgia. He gave it its present name on account of the 
fancied resemblance of the place to Beaulie, a manor of the 
Duke of Montgomery. By some the name was spelled 
Biewly. How ib was changel to Beaulieu is not known. 
During Stephens' occupation of the place the settlers were 
constantly annoyed by predatory attacks by the Indians and 
Spaniards, and were compelled to fortify their homes in 
order to retain possession. During the Revolutionary war 
it was occupied by a small force of British troops. In Sep- 
tember, 1779, a command of one thousand two hundred men, 
sent from the fleet of Gaunt D'Estaing, in longboats, landed 
at Beaulieu and the British troops retired upon their ap- 
proach. Several skirmishes between the opposing forces 
subsequeiltly took place in the vicinity. The place is de- 
lightfully located, and is the site of a number of beautiful 
residences. It is about seven miles from the ocean. 

WHITE BLUFF. 

White Bluff, on the Vernon River, nine miles from Savan- 
nah, is the terminus of the White Bluff shell road, and is a 
popular place of resort. It is the summer home of a num- 
ber of Savannahians. The village is on the bluff command- 
ing a beautiful view of the river and the suirouuding 
country. The fishing is excellent. The place is lacking in 
historical interest. A small Dutch settlement occupied the 
Bluff in 1740. The drive from the city is one of the most 
picturesque around Savannah. Two hours is ample for the 
drive and a rest at the village. 



— "*^^^ 




COMMERCIAL SAVANNAH, 




^^^ A V ANTS' AH has always held a prominent place 
among the seaport cities of America on account 
of its commercial importance, because of its 
being the chief naval stores port of the world, and the second 
largest cotton port in America. It is the headquarters of 
five lines of ocean steamships, four lines of river steamers 
and of the two great railway systems of the South — the 
Central and Plant systems. The harbor, which extends 
eighteen miles from the city to the ocean, is filled with ves- 
sels from all parts of the world. The first steamship that 
ever crossed the Atlantic sailed from Savannah in 1819. 
The first cotton exported from Georgia was shipped from 
Savannah in 1788 by Thomas Miller, who afterwards became 
known under the sobriquet "Cotton Miller." In 1825, the 
first year in which there is any record of cotton exports, 
they were 64,000 bags. In 1889 they were over 800,000 
bales. The cotton industry was of slow growth, however. 
Cotton gi'owing had been experimented with for many years 
before Miller's venture, but it was many years later ere Sa- 
vannah figured in the quotations as a cotton market. 
From 1821 Georgia took the lead in cotton production. The 
exports of cotton in 1872, amounting to 458,435 bales, of the 
value of $34,226,847, were increased in 1889 to 820,830 
bales, of the value of $40,139,016. Receipts of cotton the 
present season will probably be one million bales. The ex- 
ports of naval stores in 1880, the first year's business, 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 91 

amounting to 46,321 barrels spirits of turpentine and 231,242 
barrels of rosin, of the value of $1,249,833, were increased 
in 1889 to 173,863 barrels of spirits and 610,302 barrels of 
rosin, of the value of $4,353,054. The total values of ex- 
ports moved by water transportation alone have been in- 
creased from $34,266,847 in 1872 to $45,423,271 in 1889, and 
to a still larger figure in 1890. The value of importations 
in the same while has grown from $32,849,056 in 1872 to 
$55,062,710 in 1889. Among the exports from Savannah in 
1753, according to the Historical Record, were 2,996 barrels 
of rice. At that early day, twenty years after the first 
settlement, rice was successfully cultivated. The rice ex- 
ports from Savannah in 1889 were 45,000 barrels. The an- 
nual value of the exports of timber and lumber within the 
last fifteen years has risen from less than $500,000 to more 
than $1,400,000; that of fruits and vegetables from less than 
$500,000 to over $2,500,000; thatof pigiron from about$25,000 
to nearly $1,500,000 ; while that of cotton seed oil, a manufac- 
turing industry not yet three years old at this port, reached 
last year a value of $850,000. The movement of commer- 
cial fertilizers by the great railway lines from Savannah will 
this year amount to 215,000 tons. Of this amount more 
than 50,000 tons have been manufactured in Savannah. The 
value of real estate and improvements has increased from a 
little over ten million dollars in 1865 to twenty million dol- 
lars in 1890, with corresponding increase in other values. The 
sections of country made tributary to Savannah by railway 
lines are among the richest in the United States in agricul- 
tural and mineral wealth, the latter as yet in the first stage 
of development, and its volume of increasing products will 
demand more extended facilities for movement. 

For the establishment and support of a great trade center, 
the question of transportation is paramount to all other con- 
siderations. Savannah is well favored in this respect. It 
is the headquarters of two great railway systems, controlling 
over 3,500 miles of road — the Central railroad and the Plant 
systems. 



92 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

Its steamship lines are the Ocean Steamship Company's 
and the New England and Savannah Steamship Company's 
lines between Savannah, Philadelphia, New York and Bos- 
ton, and the Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Com- 
pany's Savannah and Baltimore line. Other lines of trans- 
portation, less conspicuous, contribute to Savannah's com- 
merce, but they are none the less important in their 
channels. The steamboats operating on the Savannah 
river between Augusta and Savannah, those engaged in the 
coasting trade south of Savannah, touching at Darien, and 
plying the St. Marys find St. Johns rivers, all, in a greater 
or less degree, add to the commerce of the port. 

THE CLIMilTE DF SAIZANNAH, 

The average annual temperature of Savannah is 66°; ap- 
proximating the temperature of Bermuda, which is QS°: 
Gibraltar, Spain, 64°; Palermo, Sicily, 6i\° ; Shanghai, China, 
66° ; Montevideo, South America, 66° ; Cape Town, Africa, 
66°, and Sydney, Australia, 65°. It is seldom that the tem- 
perature exceeds 85° in May, 90° in June, and 92° in August 
and September, although on rare occasions the mercury has 
gone higher. The highest temperature on record for Savan- 
nah is 105°, which occurred July 12, 1879. The lowest 
temperature known is 12°, which occurred January 12, 1886. 
The average date of killing frosts is November 28th. The 
weather is usually clear, the average number of cloudy days 
during the year being ninety. The summer comprehends 
more than one-half of the year ; it begins in May and may 
be said not to end before November. A remarkable fea- 
ture of the climate of Savannah is the cool nights, produced 
by the ocean breezes, which arise in the late afternoon. It 
is seldom that a hot night is experienced. The temperature 
is equable ; from February to December it ranges from 70° 
to 92°, and this variation of 22° is seldom sudden, rather 
easy and gradual. 

The following table of the highest, lowest, and average 
temperature, and the rainfall of Savannah, from 1870 to 1890, 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



was compiled by L. A. Denson, observer U. S. Signal Corps, 
from the records of the Signal Bureau : 

OBSERVATIONS COVERING NINETEEN YEARS. 

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. July, Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. 
Average Temp... 51° 54° 59° 66° 74° 80° 81° 80° 76° 67° 58° 52° 
Highest Temp. ..80° 81° 87° 89° 98° 100° 105° 100° 96° 92° 83° 80° 

LiOwestTemp 12° 19° 27° 33° 48° 50° 65° 63° 48° 37° 22° 15° 

Rain (inches) 3.75 3.13 3.97 4.27 2.91 7.16 5.23 8.04 5.42 3.54 2.31 3.34 



(■December ^ 

Winter-^ January v 

(February j 

(March 

Spring-; April 

(May 

(June 

Summer- July 

(August 

(September 

Autumn <^ October 

(November 

Annual 



Average 
Temperature. 



66° 



81° 

67° 
66° 



Rain 

(in inches.) 



10.22 



11.15 

20.43 

11.27 
53.07 




7^t^^7" ^^ 



THE MORNING NEWS. 



^*i 



Savannah has had a newspaper since 1763. In April of 
that year the G^■orgia Gazette was established, and it lived 
through the days of the colonial government and those of 
the revolutionary period down to the closing years of the 
last centur3^ From that time to the present there have been 
more than a score of newspapers published in this city. The 
most prominent of these defunct papers were the Bepnblican, 
the Georgian, the Courier, the Mirror, the Journal, the Eve- 
ning Express, and the Advertiser. The Morning News was a 
contemporary of all those mentioned, and is the only sur- 
vivor of the newspapers of ante-bellum days. Leaving out 
those that died previous to 1861 we mention onl}^ those pa- 
pers which are remembered by the present genei'ation. The 
Republican, which was established in 1804, survived until 
1874, when it was consolidated with a younger rival, the 
Advertiser, under the name of the Advertiser Republican. The 
new venture was not a success, and the rights and franchises 
of the concern were transferred to the Morning News, the 
consideration being the fulfillment of its contracts. 

Savannah has always given a liberal support to its news- 
papers. Four morning papers and two afternoon papers 
have existed at one time, and there has never been a time 
within the past fifty years that the city has not had at least 
two daily papers — either two morning papers, or a morning 
and an afternoon paper. 

The Morning News made its appearance before the pub- 
lic in January, 1850, It was issued from No. Ill Bay street, 



96 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

where it had its quarters until it moved to where it is now 
published. It was a vigorous paper from the first, main- 
taining then, as it does to-day, the standard of honest Democ- 
racy, independent of the dictation of politicians. It passed 
through the great struggle of 1861-65, and came out, like all 
other Southern newspapers, in a rather dilapidated condi- 
tion. In June, 1867, the present proprietor. Col. J. H. 
Estill, purchased an interest in the Morning News, and the 
following year he bought out the other owners, since which 
time he has retained the sole control. 

Through the trying years, from 1865 to 1870, the Morning 
News maintained its position as a defender of the rights of the 
people, then threatened by carpet-baggers. It battled against 
those Radical leaders and their negro cohorts, who, with the 
aid of Federal bayonets, had seized the governments of the 
Southern States. It never compromised itself by in any 
way indorsing the rule of those plunderers or by recognizing 
their leaders. With the restoration of the government of 
the Southern States to the control of their people, Georgia 
became prosperous, and at once took her position as the 
Empire State of the South. In addition to its political course 
it was a newspaper without a rival as a news-gatherer. No 
other paper in the South had as yet awakened to the import- 
ance of furnishing live news. It organized the first system 
of special correspondents, and, for several years, was the only 
Southern paper that kept a regular correspondent at Wash- 
ington and New York the year round. The Morning News 
has never turned aside from its line of duty as a newspaper 
to engage in personal controversies, but has never hesitated 
to defend the right or attack the wrong. It has always been 
its aim to furnish the latest news in the most acceptable form 
to its readers, and discuss all matters open to discussion in a 
fair and impartial manner. It has never believed that a news- 
paper was a place wherein any and every man should be 
permitted to vent his undigested and often prejudiced views 
on important public questions, but has asserted its right to 
be its own judge of what should go in its columns and what 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 97 

should not. In this progressive age there is probably no 
business that has undergone such great changes or has so 
much improved within the past twenty years as that of pub- 
lishing a daily newspaper. A few years since a journal in 
the South that was provided with what is technically called 
a fast single-cylinder printing machine, of a capacity of 1,500 
to 1,800 sheets per hour, was considered a well-equipped 
establishment. But few were provided with a machine for 
folding papers. In 1869 the Morning News introduced the 
first folding machine ever put to work in a daily paper office 
in Georgia, and it was considered by many a piece of reck- 
less extravagance. Now the humblest of the dailies in the 
South folds ics issues by machinery. About the same time 
the machine for putting the addresses of subscribers on pa- 
pers was introduced into the Morning News office. This 
was the first mailer used in Georgia, if not in the entire 
South. 

Fifteen years ago many morning papers "closed up '' their 
forms by 10 to 12 o'clock in the evening, except on extra im- 
portant occasions. One or two columns of telegraph news 
was considered a full service. With many it was supposed 
the zenith of newspaper publishing — at least in the smaller 
cities — had been attained. It was generally supposed that 
the limit of judicious expenditure had been reached. It had 
been with many newspapers. There was a remarkable de- 
crease in the number of papers in the principal cities. The 
increased expenses could not be met by an augmented in- 
come, and the question was solved by the death of many old- 
time journals. The "fittest survived." The demand for 
later news caused the single-cylinder presses to give way to 
the double-cylinders. Provision was made against accidents, 
and duplicate presses, folding machines, engines and boilerS 
added to the costly equipments. The telegraph service in- 
creased gradually from 1,800 words per day until it reached 
6,000. These improvements were gradual. Five years ago, 
with one step almost, an immense advance was made on 
Southern journalism. This change was necessitated by the 



gS Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

fast mails, which placed the large dailies of the ISTorth and 
West on the news-stands in many of the Southern cities 
some time during the da}'^ after their publication. 

The newspapers had been improving, but the people's de- 
sire for news was still ahead of the supply. The first move 
to meet the new state of affairs was an increase in the service 
of the Associated Press. The quota of words per day was 
increased to almost double what it had been, and a better 
system of gathering news established and 4 o'clock in the 
morning became the closing hour. Here another difficulty 
presented itself — that of how to begin printing the edition of 
a morning paper at that hour and deliver it to all of its sub- 
scribers at the usual time. Everybody wants the latest news, 
and wants it at as early an hour as possible. A paper must not 
only be printed on time, but delivered on time, for the aver- 
age reader of city papers would as soon go without his break- 
fast as without his favorite paper. The question of pur- 
chasing new and expensive machinery to overcome the time 
lost in waiting for the latest news was the next to present 
itself to the newspaper people. Some were in doubt as to the 
wisdom of investing a large sum of money in a perfecting 
press, which might scarcely be put in operation before a 
better one was invented. The price of the improved ma- 
chines ranged from $30,000 to $50,000. The increasing cir- 
culations of the papers of the Xorthern and Western cities 
had long since developed the necessity for faster machines 
even than the immense eight and ten cylinder presses then 
used to print the metropolitan dailies, and as ''necessity is 
the mother of invention," the perfecting press was evolved 
from the thoughts of many brains. The Web Perfecting 
Press developed new and presumabl}^ undreamed-of facili- 
ties. The smaller newspapers looked on amazed at the in- 
creasing demands upon their capital to meet the expense of 
perfecting presses. The price simply placed them beyond 
reach. The few newspaper men of this class who had enough 
money to buy one were more inclined to retire from busi- 
ness than to spend their all for a press. However, their 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 99 

hopes of a cheaper perfecting press, one suitable to the wants 
of the lesser dailies, were realized when ten years ago Hoe & 
Co. invented the perfecting press to print from movable type. 
This machine, costing about $30,000, was at once put into a 
number of offices. In 1884, however, the same firm invented 
a new machine, to print from stereotype plates, of much 
more simple mechanism. But three of these presses had 
been built when one was ordered from Messrs. Hoe & Co. for 
the Morning News. The introduction of the web perfecting 
press marked a new era in the newspaper business in Savan- 
nah. 

The Morning News building is six stories high (with a 
well-lighted basement), and is surmounted by a two-story 
tower. The first floor is used exclusively for the business 
department. The space in front of the counter is paved 
with colored tiles. A neat iron railing encloses two-thirds 
of the floor, and inside is divided into the cashier's, the sub- 
scription clerk's and the advertising clerk's departments. 
In the rear is the proprietor's private office and another 
room for business purposes. 

The Morning News consists of two distinct business 
establishments, under one name and one management, 
namely: The Morning News newspaper and the Morning 
News Steam Printing House. One-half of the building is 
almost exclusively used for the purpose of publishing and 
printing the Daily and Weekly Morning News, while the 
other half is entirely devoted to book and job printing, litho- 
graphing and blank book manufacturing. 

The room next to the business office is the headquarters 
of the job departments. Speaking tubes connect this floor 
with each workroom, and an Otis passenger and freight ele- 
vator gives ready communication with the floors above and 
below. Speaking tubes also give ready means of communi- 
cation between the counting room and the editorial, reporto- 
rial and newspaper composing rooms. 

The second floor above the counting room contains the 
editorial and reportorial rooms. The composing rooms are 



200 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

on the sixth floor. The press rooms and stereotyping rooms 
are in the basement. The old-time pressman — not one so 
far back in the past as the days of the hand-press, but of 
later days — would not recognize as a familiar place the press- 
room of to-day. The immense printing machines, almost 
endowed with human intelligence, are inventions of late 
years. The forms of type as they come from the composing 
room in the sixth story are here stereotyped and the plates 
prepared for the press. After the plates are delivered to the 
pressman the press is ready to start in one minute. Two 
engines — one for driving the electric light djaiamos, and the 
other for the perfecting press — occupy part of the ad- 
joining room. The mail and delivery clerk has his head- 
quarters in the basement. He is fenced out from the crowd 
of newsboys and newsmen who swarm about the office dur- 
ing the early hours of the morning, but is in such a position 
that no papers can go out without his knowledge. The de- 
partments other than those of the newspaper are well worthy 
of description. In no other establishment south of the Poto- 
mac river is to be found the same facilities for doing work as 
in the Morning News Printing House. It is as complete in 
all its details as it is possible for it to be without going be- 
yond the bounds of what is legitimately connected with the 
"art preservative," and its kindred arts of lithography and 
book-binding. It would be an impossibility to minutely de- 
scribe every little thing that contribute to make up the 
outfit of such an establishment. On the second floor is the 
lithographic press room. Lithography is a combination of 
chemistry and mechanics. It is a system of artistic printing 
in which the antagonism of oil and water are made to sub- 
serve a positive purpose in art, Lithograph}', or the art of 
producing impressions from stone, was accidentally discov- 
ered by Senefelder, a poor German musician and composer, 
who, because of his poverty, was unable to have his music 
engraved and printed. In his experiments to find a substi- 
tute for letter-press printing or copper or steel-plate en- 
graving, he used a piece of oolitic limestone on which to 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 101 

distribute his ink. One day in copying a washing list for his 
mother, having no paper handy, he wrote on this stone what 
was required with the thick ink which he had ready for his 
experiments. He accidentally discovered that this writing 
gave forth an impression, and the idea occurred to him that 
by reducing that part of the surface of the stone on which 
there was no ink he might bring out the writing in relief, and 
thus print from it. He applied aquafortis to the stone, and 
in a few minutes the un inked surface was reduced to the ex- 
tent of the thickness of a sheet of paper. The art of lithog- 
raphy was thus established. Senefelder continued his ex- 
periments, and lived to see the art established, dying in 1834, 
the recipient of a pension from his King. The art of en- 
graving on stone, transferring designs, and other methods 
now commonly in use, were discovered within the last third 
of a century. The steam presses now found in all complete 
lithographic establishments were even a more recent inven- 
tion, only coming into general use about thirty years 
ago. This department of the Morning News does as good 
work as any place of the kind in the United States. The 
facilities are appreciated by the business men of the South, 
as is evidenced by the large amount of work bearing the 
office imprint to be found in every city and town. Among 
its best patrons are some of the largest cotton mills in Geor- 
gia and the Carolinas, while the tobacco men of Kentucky 
and Virginia, and the iron manufacturers of Georgia and 
Alabama contribute a liberal share of work. 

On the fourth floor, north, is the job, book and press room. 
The place to see next is the book and job composing room. 
This adjoins the press room on the fourth floor, south. There 
are over 500 fonts of job type alone in this room, to say noth- 
ing of the hundreds of pounds of leads, rules, borders, etc., 
wood type, galleys, stones, and the hundred and one things 
that make up a complete printing ofiice in which can be 
printed a visiting card or circus poster, or a ball programme 
or the Bible. 

The bindery, which embraces the ruling, folding, forward- 



102 Savannah and Its Surroundings. 

ing and finishing departments, occupies the entire width and 
length of the fifth floor. It has a number of ruHng, cutting, 
or trimming machines, and the steam embosser and tlie 
pagers. There are machines for perforating checks, and oth- 
ers for putting in ej^elet holes, cutting out round labels (such 
as barrel labels printed in the lithographic room), pasteboard 
cutter, backing machines, dry presses, etc. Along the walls 
are shelves filled with leather and papers used in covering 
books, twines, threads, inks and other material for binders' 
use. 

The next floor is the newspaper composing room, and 
above that the tower — a two-story mansard structure — the 
top being just a little over 110 feet from the pavement 
below. If the weather is clear, and it usually is, there is a 
magnificent view of the city and surrounding country. In 
the distance can be seen Tybee light, the Atlantic Ocean, &c. 





WESLEY MONUMENTAL CHURCH. 



10 Jf. Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



IT) Gir)d c/ilaouf ^ctvctrirjczr^Q. 



De Soto, corner Liberty and Bull, 

JNIadison Suarc. 

Pulaski, corner Bull and Bryan, 

Johnson Square 



HOTELS. 

Screven, corner Bull and Congress, 

Johnson Square. 
Marshall, Broughton between Aber- 
corn and Drayton. 



Harnett, corner Barnard and Bryan, Market Square, 

POSTOFFICE. 

Bay, corner Drayton. General Mail Delivery open 7 A. m. until 6 p. m. 
Money Order Offlce open 9 A. m. until 6 p. m. 

TELEGRAPH COMPANIES. 

Western Union, Main Otlice, Bull, corner Bay lane, opjjosite Custoin House. 

Branch Offices :— Cotton Kxchange Building and De Soto Hotel. 
Postal Telegraph and Cable Company, main office Postoffice building. No. 99 

Bay Street. 
Southern Bell Telephone Co., Central Offlce, Sorrel Building, Bay ajid Bull. 

DEPOTS. 

Central Bailroad of Georgia, West Broad and Liberty. Take Belt Line 
yellow cars, or an.\- red car, and transfer to West Broad Street line. 

Savannah, I'lorida and Western Railway and Charleston and Savannah 
Railroad (Atlantic Coast Line), Liberty and Kast Broad. Take Belt Line yel- 
low cars, or any red car, and translci- to I>lbcrty Street line. 

City and Suburban Railway- (Isle of lloiic and Montgomery lines), Whita- 
ker and Second. Take any red car and transfer to Abercorn andWhitaker 
Belt line. 

Savannah and Atlantic Railway, President and Randolph. Belt Line 
yellow cars pass within a blot-k, or take any red car and transfer to Liberty 
Street line. The <'it.\- and Sulnirban Railway and the Belt Line have branch 
lines to the depot which are operalcd during the suuuner. 

( 'oast Line Railroad (P>onaventure and Thunderbolt Dummy line), Bolton 
and East P.ioad. Belt Line yellow cars pass within a block, or take any i-ed 
car and transfer to Haliersbam Street line. 

WHARVES. 

Ocean Steamship Company, Boston, Kew York and Philadelphia lines, 
foot of Ri\ i-r strei't. Take Belt Line yellow cars to loot of Indian Street, or 
omnibus from hotels. 

Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company, Baltimore line, foot of 
Bay Street. Take Belt Line yellow cars to Bay and East Broad. 

Georgia and Florida Inland Steamboat Company, Florida line, toot of 
Lincoln. 

Augusta Steamboat line foot of Drayton. 

Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, naval stores and lumber 
wharves, foot oi Bay. Take Belt Line yellow cars to Bay and East Broad. 

STREET CAR LINES. 

Abercorn and Whitaker street Pelt line, red cars, every ten minutes, 
round trip thirty minutes, passing City Exchange, Custom House, Postoffice, 
Cotton Exchange, Firemen's head<iuarters, old cemetery, Roman Catholic 
Cathedral, Savannah Hosi)ital, l{egimental Armory, through southern su- 
burbs, around Forsyth Park and parade ground, with views of Contederate 
Soldiers' Monument, Georgia Historical Society Library, Masonic Temple 
and Morning News building, near all hotels, and connecting at Second and 
Whitaker Streets with suburban line to Isle oi Hope and Montgomery. Fare 
five cents. 

Liberty Street line, red cars, leave city market every ten minutes, through 
Barnard Street to Liberty, passing Odd Fellows' Hall, Telfair Academy of 
Arts and Sciences, Masonic Hall, De Soto Hotel, St. Vincent de Paul Convent, 
within a block of Cathedral, Charleston and Savannah and Savannah, 
Florida and Western Railway depots, to Tybee Railway depot. Fare Ave 
cents. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 105 

West Broad Strci't line, red cars, leave city market every ten minutes 
tlirough Barnard Sticct to Liberty, passing Odd Fellows' Hall, Teliair 
Academy, Epis<cipal orj^liaus' Home and Central Railroad depot to Laurel 
Grove Cemetery. Fare rtvo cents. 

Belt line, circling the cit.v, yellow cars, every ten minutes, round trip six 
miles, passing City Excliange, Custom House, Postoffice and Cotton Ex- 
change, witli view of tlie harbor from Bay Street, i)assing tlie ( 'liarleston 
and Sa\annali and Savannali, Florida and Western Kailway deiK)ts and near 
Tybee Kailway depot, tlirough soutliern suburbs of city over higli bridge, past 
Concordia l'arl< and Kiesling's Gardens, and through 12th and ^lontgoniery 
Streets, past Central Railroad depots and general offices, near all down town 
hotels, with transfer cars to the Ocean Steamship Company's wharves. Cen- 
tral and Gordon cotton presses and Planter's and Upper Rice mills, ice 
works and brewery. Fare Ave cents. 

Coast Line, red cars, leave Bronghton and West Broad Streets every ten 
minutes, passing the principal retail stores on Broughtoa Street, through 
Habersham Street, past police barracks, county jail and St. Joseph's Infirm- 
ary to Bolton Street junction, connecting with dummy line to Cathedral 
Cemeter.v, Bonaventure, Greenwich Park and Thunderbolt. Fai-e five cents 
to junction; junction to Thunderbolt and return twenty-five cents. 

DRIVES. 

To Thunderbolt over shell road, passing the Cathedral Cemetery, Bona- 
venture and Greenwich Park, with views of Thunderbolt River and the 
salt marshes, returning by direct road, four miles. 

Out Bull Street, passing monuments and principal churches, around 
Forsyth Park and the military parade ground, passing Savannah Hospital, 
First Volunteer Kegiment's Armory and Telfair Hospital on Drayton Street, 
over the White Bluff shell road, any distance, returning through Whitaker 
Street past the Georgia Historical Society Library to Bull Street. 

To naval stores wharves below the city, along Bay Street past the Post- 
office, Cotton Exchange, Custom House and City Exchange to the Ocean 
Steamship Company's wliarvcs, passing cotton presses and warehouses, re- 
turning through River Street past the rice mills and through West Broad 
Street by Central Railroad depots and offices to Liberty Street— four miles. 

SUBURBAN EXCURSIONS. 

To Thunderbolt and Bonaventure, four miles, take Coast Line cars on 
Broughton or Habersham Streets to Bolton Street junction. Dummy trains 
make four trips daily to Thunderbolt. Fare round trip twenty-five cents. 

To Isle ot Hope six miles, Bethesda Orphan House eight and one-half 
miles, and Montgomery nine miles. Take Abercorn and Whitaker Street 
Belt line to Second Street depot. Suburban trains make trips daily. Fare 
round trip to Isle of Hope thirty cents; Bethesda and Montgomery fifty cents. 

To Tybee Beach oighieen miles. Take Belt Line yellow cars or any red 
car and transfer to Liberty Street line to Tybee Railway depot foot of Presi- 
dent Street. Two trains daily to the beach in winter and six in summer, 
passing naval stores and lumber wharves below the city, the overgrown earth- 
works of Fort Bartow one hundred acres in area, skirting rice fields and salt 
marshes with view of Thunderbolt River, along the banks of Savannah 
River south channel, passing at a distance Forts Oglethorpe and Pulaski, 
with a view of shipping at quarantine and in Tybee Roads, across Tybee 
Island and along the beach in full view of the ocean to South End. Fare 
round trip fifty cents. 

THEATER. 

Savannah Theater, Chippewa Square, Bull between Hull and McDonough. 
Box office, corner Bull and Congress. 

ART GALLERY. 

Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, Telfair Place, Barnard between 
State and President; open daily 10 a. m. until 5 p. m. Admission twenty- 
flve cents. 

LIBRARIES. 

Georgia Historical Society, Whitaker and Gaston ; open to members and 
non-residents. Library hours 10 A. m. to 9 p. M. 

Catholic Library Association, Drayton, between McDonough and Perry. 
For members. 

Young Men's Hebrew Association, (Masonic Temple), Liberty and Whita- 
ker. For members. 



106 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



Young Men's Christian Association I'eading rooms and gymnasium, Bull 
and Jones. Frpe reading room, open 8 A. ]>:. until 10 i*. m. 

Savannah Port Society free reading rooms for sailors, Bay and Abercora 
Street. Open daily 8 a. m. until 10 p. m. 



POINTS OF VIEW. 



City Exchange tower. Bay footof Bull. 
Morning New building. Bay and 

Whi taker. 
Court House tower. 



Solarium of De Soto Hotel. 

Electric light towers. Permission from 

Superintendent <»f Brush Electric 

Light Works. 



HALLS. 



Masonic Hall, Liberty and Whitaker. 

Catholic Library Hall, Drayton, be- 
tween Perrv and McDonough. 

Odd Fellows' Hall, Telfair Place, Bar- 
nard and State. 

Mozart Hall, St. Julian & Whitaker. 



Armory Hall, Court House Square, 
Bull between State and President. 

Metropoliian Hall, Whitaker and 
Pr. sident. 

Turner Hall, Broughton and JelTerson. 

Yonge's Hall, Whitaker and DutJy. 



MONUMENTS. 

Confederate Soldiers, Parade Ground. I Gordon, Court House Square. 

Pulaski, Monterey Square. Greene, Johnson Square. 

Jasper, Madison Square. 1 Gettysbuig, Laurel Grove Cemetery. 

BANKS. 

Merchants' National, St. Julian and Drayton. 

Southern Bank of the State of Georgia, Drayton between Bryan and St. 
Julian. 

Savannah Bank and Trust < 'omimny. Hay and Drayton. 

Central Railroad Bank, Bay betwicn Bull and Drayton. 

National Bank of Savannah ano < iglethorpe Savings and Loan Company, 
Bryan Street, beiween Bull and Drayton. 

Citizens' Bank, Draytiai and Bryan. 

C. H. Olmstead & Cu's Banking House, Johnson Square between Bryan 
and St. Julian. 

Title Guarantee and Loan Company,' savings department, Congress be- 
tween Bull and Whitaker. 

Germania Bank, Bryan and Abercorn. 

Chatham Dime Savings Bank, Bull between Congress and Broughton. 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 



City Exchange, Bay foot of Bull. 
Custom House, Bay and Bull. 
Postotlicr, Bay anil Drayton. 
Court House, ("ourt House Sijuare. 
Cotton Exchange, Bay loot of Drayton. 
Georgia Historical Society Library, 
Gaston and Whitaker. 



Telfair Acadcmj' of Arts and Sciences, 

Telfair Place. 
County Jail, Habersham, between 

South Broad and Liberty. 
Police Barracks, South Broad and 

Habersham. 
City Market, Market Square. 



ARMORIES. 

First Volunteer Regiment of Georgia, Abercorn and Huntingdon. 
Chatham Artillery, Court House Square, Bull between State and President. 
Savannah Volunteer Ouards Battalion, Madison Square, Bull between 
Harris ana Macon. 

Georgia Hussars, Masonic Temple, Liberty and Whitaker. 

NEWSPAPERS, 



The Morning News, daily, No. 'S 

Whitaker Street. 
The Evening Times, daily. No. 98 

Bryan Street. 
Georgia F'amilien Journal, weekly. 

No. 89 Bay street. 



Savannah Independent, weekly, No. 

5 Drayton Street. 
Savannah Local, weekly. No. 1% Bull 

Street. 
Old Homestead, monthly, No. 42 and 

41 Bull Street. 



Savannah Tribune, (colored), weekly. No. 156 St. Julian Street. 



CLUBS. 



Oglethorpe VAnh, Bull and Broughton. 

Catholic Library Association, Dray- 
ton between McDonough and Perry. 

Young Men's Hebrew Association, 
Liberty and Whitaker. 



Harmonic Club, Jones and Bull. 

Savannah N'olunteer Guards Battal- 
ion, Madison Sijuare. 

Travelers' Exchange, Bull and Con- 
gress. 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



107 



SCHOOLS. 

("hatlinm Academy, Bull and Sontb Broad. 

Barnard Street Sehool, Chatham Square, Barnard and Taylor. 

Massic School, Calhoun Square, Abercorn and Gordon. 

Cathedral School, Perry and Abercorn, 

SI. Patrick's School, Liberty Square, Montgomery between President and 
York. 

West Broad School, for coloi-ed children. West Broad foot of Congress. 

East Broad Str et Sch'ol, for colored children. East Broad and Gaston. 

St. Vincent de Paul Academy, Llhertv between Abercorn and Lincoln. 

Oglethorpe Seminary, Jones and Whitaker. 

Richmond's Commercial Institute, Perry between Bull and Whitaker. 

School fi r Boys, Macon between Bull and Drayton. 

Savannah Academy, Madison Square, Bull between Macon and Charlton. 

Haven's Industrial School, for colored girl <, Anderson between Burrougiis 
and Cemetery. 



CONSULATES, 



Argentine Republic— Rafael S. Salas, 
Vice Consul, 80 Bay. 

Austria-Hungary — Edward Karow, 
Vice Consul, 10<i4 Bay. 

Belgium — Leopold Charrier, Consul, 
8U Hay. 

Brazil— W. H. Adams, Vice Consul, 
lU Bay. 

British -Walter Robertson, Vice Con- 
sul, 89!^ Bay. 

Chili— R" B. Reppard, Consul, Gwin- 
nett, on Savannah, Florida and 
Western Railway. 

Denmark— C. M. Hoist, Vice Consul, 
120 Bay. 

France — Frederick Chastanet, Vice 
Consul, 151 New Houston. 

Germany— J. Rauers, consul, lOSJ^ 
Bay. 



Italy— L. Trapani, Consular Agent, 112 
Bay. 

Netherlands— W. deBruyn Kops, Con- 
sul, 76>^ Bay. 

Nicaragita -Rafael S. Salas, FO Bay. 

Peru- Rafael S. Salas, Consul, 80 Bay. 

Portugal— A. V. Ivancicb, Vice Con- 
sul, b4 Bay. 

Russia— .loseph J. Wilder, Vice Con- 
sul, 112 Bay. 

Spain— Narcisco Perez-Petinto, Con- 
sul, 120 Bay. 

Sweden and Norway— C. M. Hoist, 
Vice Consul, 120 Bay. 

Uruguay— Rafael S. Salas, Consul, 80 
Bay. 

Venezuela — N. Frierson, Consul, 70 
Bay. 



HOSPITALS. 

Savannah Hospital, Huntingdon between Drayton and Abercorn. 

St. Joseph's Infirmary, Taylor and Habersham. 

Telfair Hospital for Females, New Houston and Draytf n. 

Georgia Intimary for colored people, Sixth between Abercorn and Lincoln. 

ASYLUMS. 

Female Orphan A.sylnm, Madison Square, Bull and Charlton. 

Episcopal Orphan's Home, Liberiy and Jett'erson. 

Home of the Friendless, Charlton and Drayton. 

Abram's Home, Broughton and East Broad. 

Bethesda Orphanage, Bethesda, eight and one-half milfs from city. 

Widow's Home, President and West Broad. 

Little Minnie Mission, Jones and Lincoln. 

St. Mary's Orphan Home, Habersham and St. Paul. 

Little Sisters of the Poor, Drayton and Perry. 

Sacred Heart Orphanage, for colored children, Habersham and St. James. 

CEMETERIES. 

Bonaventure, Thunderbolt shell road. Take Coast Line cars and Dummy 
line, or drive over Thunderbolt shell road. 

Laurel Grove, Anderson Street. Take Barnard and West Broad Street 
red cars. 

Cathedral Cemetery, Thunderbolt shell road. Take Coast Line cars and 
Dummy line. 

Old Cemetery, South Broad and Abercorn. Permission to visit from 
police headquarters. 



108 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



DISTANCES FROM SAVANNAH. 

XOKTH AND WEST. 



Miles. 

Boston 1146 

New York 917 

Philadelphia S26 

Baltimore 730 

Washington (WS 

Pittsburg U<M) 

Buflfalo 1195 

Cleveland 1012 



Miles. 

Toledo 970 

Detroit 1035 

Chicago 1028 

St. Paul 1557 

Cincinnati 768 

St. l>ouis 904 

Kansn.s City 1232 

Denver 1871 



Miles. 

Memphis 745 

Nashville 586 

Chattanooga 434 

Knoxville 558 

Richmond 572 

Wilmington 327 

Charleston 115 

Asheville 360 

Aiken 140 

Augusta 132 



Miles. 

Atlanta 294 

Macon 191 

Columbus 291 

Montgomery 385 

Birmingham 448 

Mobile 464 

New Orleans 606 

Thomnsville 200 

Brunswick 100 

Waycross 96 



FLORIDA. 



Miles. 

Jacksonville 172 

St. Augustine 20S 

Tallahassee 301 

Pensacola 420 

Monticello 224 

Fernandina 205 

Magnolia 200 

Green Cove .Springs 201 

Palatka 22.S 

De Land 2.S2 

Enterprise 294 

Rock Ledge 344 

Titusville 331 



Miles. 

Sanford 296 

Altamonte 309 

Winter Park 314 

Orlando 318 

Suwanee Springs 172 

Kissinimee 336 

Bartow S81 

Silver Springs 276 

O.-ala 278 

Huinasassa 335 

(Tuinesville 249 

Tampa 411 

Punta Gorda 457 



Savannah and Its Surroundings. 



109 



HISTORICAL. SUMMARY OF SAVANNAH. 



l733_0^1ethorpe landed with the colo- 
nists February 1. 

The town laid off and the first 
house begun October 9. 

1734— Arrival of the Salzburgers March 
12. 

1736— John and Charles Wesley arrived 
February. 

1737— George Whitefield arrived May. 

1738— Tomo-Chi-Chi died. 

1740- The flrst Christ church begun. 
Bethesda Orphan House foundei 
March 25. 

1743— Oglethorpe left the colony finally 
July 11. 

1744— The first commercial house es- 
tablished by James Habersham 
and Charles Harris. 

17M— The first colonial assembly met 
January 15. 

1752— Georgia became a royal province. 

1754— Governor Reynolds, the first gov- 
ernor, arrived October 29. 

1758 -The Church of England estab- 
lished by law. 

1759— The first wharf built. 

1763— The first printing press estab- 
lished and the " Georgia Gazette," 
the first newspaper, published 
April 7. 

1764— Robert Bolton, the flrst post- 
master appointed. 

1775— First meeting of Provincial Con- 
gress January 18. 

1776— First attack by the British on 
Savannah March 3. 

Capture of the first British vessel 
in the Revolutionary war by an 
American schooner, off Tybee, 
July 10. 

1777— The State Constitution formed 
and Christ Church Parish named 
Chatham County after the Earl of 
Chatham. 

1778— The city captured by the British 
December 29. 

1779— Battle of Spring Hill and death 
of Count Pulaski and Sergeant 
Jasper October 9. 

1783- The city evacuated by the British 
forces July 11. 

1784— The first legislature assembled 
January. 

1786— The Chatham Artillery organ- 
ized May 1. 

General Nathaniel Greene died 
June 19. 

1788— The fii'st cotton" exported from 
Savannah. 

The Chatham Academy incor- 
porated. 

1789— The city incorporated. 

1790— John Houston elected the first 
Mayor. 



1791 — Washington visited Savannah, 
May 12. 

1796 -'J he first destructive fire occurred 
November. Two hundred and 
twenty-nine houses burned. 

1799— The Citv Kxcliaiige built. 

1802— Vice-President Aaron Burr vis- 
ited Savannah May 20. 

1804— Great storm ; over 100 negroes 
drowned on Hutchinson's Island, 
September 8. 

1810— First census taken. Savannah's 
population 5,195. 

1814 — Capture of British brig-of-war 
"Epervier" by American sloop-of- 
war "Peacock" May. 

1819 — President James Monroe visited 
Savannah and participated in the 
dedication of the Independent 
Presbyterian church May. 

The first steannhip to cross the 
Atlantic sailed from Savannah 
May 20. 

1820— The second great fire, destroying 
460 houses, January 11. 

1825— Lata vet te visited Savannah 
March 18. 

1854— President Fillmore visited Sa- 
vannah April 22. 

1861— Occupation of Fort Pulaski by 
Confederate forces January 3. 

Confederate State convention 
met in Savannah and ordinance of 
secession framed March 7. 

1862— Bombardment and captui'e of 
Eort Pulaski, bv l^ederal forces, 
April 10. 

1864— The city invested by Sherman's 
army, after the march to the sea, 
December 13. 

Fort McAllister captured Decem- 
ber 11. 

Evacuation of Savannah by the 
Confederate army December 20. 

The city formally surrendered 
December 21. 

1879- Corner stone of Jasper inonu- 
ment laid October 9. 

1881— Gi'eat storm and tidal wave 
August 28. 

1883— The Sesqui Centennial of theclty 
celebrated February 14. 

Third great fire occurred October 
31, 365 houses in Yamacraw burned. 

1886— The Chatham Artillery's centen- 
nial celebrated May 1. 

Savannah shaken by earthquake 
August 31. 

1888-President Cleveland visited Sa- 
vannah and the Jasper monument 
unveiled February 22. 

1889— Fourth great fire April 6. 

1890— Corner stone of Independent 
Presbyterian church relaid Jan. 13. 



JOHN FLANNEBY, Presid^al. JAMES SULI/tVAN, Cashier 

HORACE A. CRANE, Vice- Presi lent. 



SOUTHERN BANK 

OK THE STATE OK GEORGIA. 

Dr'apoi] ^tr^eet, between Br^ilaii % ft, Julian ^tu'eetsg, 

SAVANNAH, OA. 



e^pifcrl, |i@©,6@6. % Surplus, cf §06,©©@. 

DEPOSITORY OF THE STATE OF GrEORGIA. 



SK]VlI=ANNUAIv STATEMENT 

At Close of Business December 3ist» 1889. 



Loans and Discounts S2,22n,410 63 

Bonds and Stocks 692,065 00 

Banking House and otliei- Ke;il 

Estate 72,603 26 

Furniture and Safes 2,000 00 

Due by Banks and Bankers 68,378 29 

Protest Account 4 75 

Cash 348,675 10 



Capital Stock $500,000 00 

Surplus Fund 500,000 00 

Undivided Profits 127,930 9S-$1. 127,930 98 

Dividend No. 37 un- 
paid 90 00 

Dividend No. 38, pay- 
able Jan. Ist, 1890.... .30,000 00- .30,090 00 

Due Depositors 1,953,633 5S 

Certified Checks 13.292 48 

Due Banks and Bankers 222.792 29 

Due Treasurer State ot Georgia... .56,397 70 

$3,404,137 03 



EUGENE KEtLY, of Eugane Kelly & Co., New York. 

JOHN FLANNERY, of John Flannery & Co., Savannah, Ga. 

S. B. PAL,MEK, of Palmer Brothers, Savannah, Ga. 

E. A. WEIL, of Meinhard Bros. & Co., Savannah, Ga. 

HORACE A. CRANE, Savannah Ga. 

J. B. DUCKWORTH, of Duckworth, Turner & Co., Savannah, Ga. 

LEE ROY MYERS, of Lee Roy Myers & Co., Savannah, Ga. 

HORACE P. SMART, Pres. Araoskeag Lumber Co., Savannah, Ga. 



PURCHASERS OF REAL ESTATE 



INSURE YOUR TITLES! 



OoOOOono O OOo 


o <> o o o 


^i^Tlis Lis Weusd Loan Copy 


of hmiii^ 


O <) <) O o o o o (> O o o 


«> o o o o 



Will Insure Titles to Real Estate, for the benefit of Purchasers or 

Mortgagees, and protect all parties interested against 

loss by reason of Defects in Titles. 



The Company assumes the defense of all suits involving 
property insured by it, without cost to the insured, and will pay 
any losses that may be sustained. 



-J^INSURANCE PERPETUAL{^ 

And Only a Single Premium Required to be Paid. 



GEORGE H. STONE, President. E. L,. HACKETT, Treasurer. 

ISAAC BECKETT, Secretary. R. R. RICHARDS, Advisory Counsel. 



O^ce : 135 Congj^ess Street. 



Abstracts of Titles. 



Having with great care pre/pa''ed from the records a correct 
ABSTRACT of the TITLES to all lands ivithin the CUy of 
Savannah and County of Chatham from THE SETTLEMENT 
OF OEORGIA to date, I am prepared to furnish memoranda 
of th", same tvith FULL INFORMATION AS TO THE IN- 
TEGRITY AND SUFFICIENCY OF TITLES. 

My Abstracts are exclusively used by the Title Guarantee and 
Loan Company of Savannah. Office :—135 Congress Street. 

ISAAC BECKETT. 



1 






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94 BAY STREET. 



SAVANNAH, 



GEOROIA. 



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Property Bought and Sold Strictly on Commission. 



CAH, AND SEE ITS BEFORE I Ji«VESTIIN;G. 



DEALER IN 



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ry©. ^ Je/petyfor) C)Ifcc1. 



Savannah, Georgia. 



THE CITIZENS' BANK 

OK SAVANNAH, GHORQIA. 

Corner Drayton and Bryan Streets. 



Paid ITp Capital, : ::::::: : $200,000.00 
/itifliorized Capital, ::::::: : 500,000.00 

WILLIAM ROGERS. CHARLES H. DORSETT, GEORGE C. FREEMAN, 

Prenident. Vice-President. Cashier. 

__^DIRECTORS:D<^ 

WiLLAM Rogers, Charles H. Dorsett, Georre N. Nichols, 

D. R. Thomas, J. H. Estill, John R. Young. 

W. G. Cooper, Henry C. Cunningham, David Wells. 

NEW YORK correspondent: 

IMPORTERS' AND TRADERS' NATIONAL BANK. 

■ — sOp®i^®d Januaiy 3, I8SS.5 — ■ 



ftwlpil UMlpnii llail 



-OK THE- 



fentral Railroad & Banking Company of (Georgia. 

SAVANNAH, GA. 

E. P. ALEXANDEK, President. T. M. CUNNINGHAM, Cashier. 

A. C. UL,MER, Assistant Cashier. 

Capital, $7,500,000. Bank Capital, $500,000. 



— A General Banking Business Transacted. — 

NEW YORK correspondents: 

Hanover National Bank. Mercantile National Bank. 

I3IE=LE1 OTO E=LS : 

E. P. Alexander, Abraham Vetsburg, John C. Calhoun, 

W. S. Chisholm, Joseph Hull, S. M. Inman, 

J. K. Garnett, C. H. Phinizy, H. T. Inman, 

E. M. Green, Pat. Calhoun, E. P. Howell, 

James Swann. 



■ ^-1^ 











«« 



^^* jH^ it -5^^^ 



THOSE WHO HAVE OPERAIED IN 



-)?(-REAL ESTATE-t- 



• e- 



IN SAVANNAH AND CHATHAM COUNTY THROUGH 






Ileal @0tate dealer, 

142:<- ->:Coogressi- ->:Street 

HAVE REALIZED THE TRUTH OF THE ABOVE AXIOM. 

ALWAYS TO r.E HAD THKOUGII IIIM: 

^^ Residence and Business Property, ^ 

c^l^ Farms, Suburban Lands for Sub-Division, c^^ 



Manufacturing Sites, Etc. 



b' 



Correspondence is solicited ivith Home or Foreijn syndicates 
desiring to purchase local industries. 

0000000 ^ 0000000 



^:J 



t?^- 



C. JP. M^LLJER, 

131 Congress Street, ^ Savannah, Georgia. 

? DEALER IN ? 

Real Estate 



Buys and 8elh on Commission All Classes of Real Estate. 

A Large List of Choice Residences, Building Lots, Factory Sites, 
Truck Farms and Acres suitable for lotting. 

ESTATES MANAGED. '^- vXi ^B^TAXES PAID.^S*' 

7 and 8 per cent, net on First Mortgages Guaranteed Investors. 
Interest payalile in New York Exchange. 

Refers to Mereliants' IVatioiial Bank by peiiiiissioii. 

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 



SA.M. ir. FLA^TSHJU^K, 



rj9^ <U9^ 'i^^TJ '-<^^MmS iffV, "I . 



/aci/i^, ^^-TOti-'?i(^ ^D -^i()ie€i/ (hd^/t^/e^ 



ROOM 6, SOUTHERN BANK, 

SA.VANNAH, = = = = = GEOROIA. 



Treasurer Oglethorpe Real Estate Company. 
Promoter of Land Companies. 



LOANS NEGOTIATED. 

-H- ORDERS EXECUTED ON NEW YORK -!- ^- 
^ : ^^ ®. .--« >»» STOCK EXCHANGE 



ecuirity ^voXs^&v^ 



-^^ BATTERSBY BUILDING, ^ 

May • ar)(a. • Jcsjpaylor) • C)lpcels, • C)(2i:v0:r)r)eir)5 • (sfa:. 



^>^§^* 



i?»?/s a?if? se?^s on co^nmission all 
classes of stocks and bonds. 

Negotiates Loans on marketable 
securities. 






-Neiv York quotations furnished by private ticker- 
every fifteen minutes. 



lis jSpyar) Sf., \^' Scav'arjria^, Ss. 



n 



siaie Ac^ 



b 




VJi Ui 



SECRETARY AND TREASURER 

Chatham Real Estate and Impiovement Com-pany. 



r-. c:j_ ■yjsT'^^iLJLrs'^ 






/. 



^IHtl3 



ti'^^* 



-J?- 120 Bryan Street 



-s^- 



Buys and sells on commission all classes of securities. Special 
attention g-iven to purchase and sale of Real £state. 



IIEXRY Bl,rX, PiTsidciit. JOUX M. II4IUAN, Cashier. 



n^ 



THE UiHIii m% EiliE 



N, W. Kor, Bryai^ and AbercoiQ Sts., SAVANNAH, GA. 

TEANSAOTS A GENEEAL BANKING BUSINESS. INTEEEST AT 4 PEE CENT., 

COMPOUNDED aUAHTEELY, ON DEPORTS IN ITS 

SAVIN2S DEPARTMENT. 

+ + I BUYS AXU .SELLS 1 I t 

\ I Sovereigns, 20 Marks, 20 Francs, 

' <: Spanish Reals and Pesetas, 

] Mexican 20 Pesos, 10 Guilders Holland. 

SILVER— Uncurrent, Domestic and Foreign. 

-ii BANK t NOTES— H- 

ISaiik of Eni^laiid, Reicli!^ Marks, French Bank 
]Vote!ii, Hollanil Guilders, Etc., Etc. 

Checks on all cities in Germany, France England, Italy, Austria and other 
countries of Europe, also on cities in Asia, Africa and Australia. 



MerohMts' Ndiond Bmk. 

(DESIGNATED U. S. DEPOSITORY.) 

Savannah, = = = = Gkorgia. 



CAPITAL, $500,000. ^^ SURPLUS, $250,000. 



Ne-vv Yorl-c Correspondent: 
NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC. 



John L. Hammond, S. P. Hamilton, Thomas Gadsen, 

President. Vice-President. Cashier. 



DIRECTORS :5 



John L. Hammond. S. Guckknheimek, S. P. Hamilton, 

L. T. TuRNEK, F. D. Bloodworth, M. Maclean, 

S. Herman. 



THE SAVANNAH LINE. 



-A.ND- 



m 



— ■•ii^ii — 

For NEW YORK, BOSTON, PHILADELPHIA, 

AND ALL 

-^BASTERN POINTS.^- 




THE FLEET. 



Kansas City 4,000 tons 

City of Augusta 3,000 tons 

Tallahassee 3,000 tons 

Chattahoochee 3,000 tons 

Nacoochee 3,000 tons 



City of Birming-ham.... 3,000 tons 

City of Savannah 2,100 tons 

City of Macon 2,100 tons 

Gate City 2,100 tons 

Dessoug 1,500 tons 



-^ LEA 'VE SA VjlJVJVjSH p- 

FOR NEW YORK 

Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. 

Passengers for Pliiladclphia connect with Bound Brook lloute. 

For BOvSTON,. Every Four Days. 

For PHILADELPHIA, (^%f,5|!^") EvERy Ten Day?. 
— •••■■1^1 ■ — 

C;. M. SORREL., General Manager. C. G. ARIDERSOIV, Agent. 
SAVANNAH, GA. SAVANNAH, GA. 



ll' 



^ttTRHNSPORTATION CO.** 



^1^ 

t 







The Steamships of this Company Ply Regularly ISetvveen 

Savannah and Baltimore, _.^%.. 

Baltimore and Boston @ 



Baltimore and Providence. 



Close connections at Savannah with the CENTRAL RAILROAD, 
the S., K. & W. R'y, and the different Steamboat Lines. 



Leaving: Savannali for Baltimore every Five 

Days, and from Baltimore for Savaunali 

on Same Days* 

The Baltimore Route is tlie most direet between the Soutli and West. It 
is also the most economical and quickest. 

The Steamers are first-class in every respect, with excellent accommoda- 
tions for passengers. Reduced rates of passage to emigrants from Baltimore 
and all points West and Southwest. 

This Company's Steamers are especially arranged for the transportation 
of fruit and vegetables, the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway tracks 
running on Steamer's wharves, and Through Bills of Lading at low rates 
will be issued. 



A. L. HUGGINS, Agent, 

Baltimore, Md. 



W. E. GUERARD, Agent, 

56 Bay Street, Savannah. 



"ii-^Sottfl^&dia^S^l «««,. 



^'"GATE CITY" ROUTE.*- 



ACROSS THE STATE FROM 



St. John's River to the Gulf of Mexico. 



Through Line, carrying U. S. Mall between New York and West Indies. 

— ■ no» — 

PULLMAN PARLOR CARS, PULLMAN BUFFET CARS, 

'/5^ c^^ NEW YORK TO PORT TAMPA, '•^^ ^^cr. 



PASSING THROUGH THE 



Richest Orange Belt of Florida. 

SCENERY UNSURPASSEE, 

At PORT TAMPA, the deep water terminus of this line, connection is made 
with the elegant steamers ot the 

FOR 

-^KEY WEST AND HAVANA.3^ 



The trains run direct (o the ship's side at Port Tampa. For full information, 
time cards, etc., address 

WILBUR MoCOY, G. T. A., Smtord, Fla. 



COAST LINE RAILROAD. 



THE ONLY RAIL LINE TO 

BONAVEN TURE, 

THUNDERBOLT 



-"^) 



# 



GREENWICH PARK 



AN D FOR WARSAW BEACH, 



TWENTY t MINUTES t RIDE ^ FROM t THE t CITY. 

A delightful trip tlirougli cliarming scenery, passing the Ca'ihedkal 
Cemeteky and tlie Old Fortieications. 



I^OTJI^ TH-A-IKTS ID.A.IXji'S'. 



COMFORTABLE CABS. -:- /ST£i:i> i?^7i. TBACK. 

-8®=-Take Habersliani Street cars to Coast Line Depot twenty minutes 
before departure of suburl:)an trains, or talie Liberty Street cars in front of 
the Lie Soto and transfer at Haljcrsham Street. 

Special Cars for Charter for Excursions. 

City and Subuhban Railway. 



-THREE TRAINS DAILY TO- 



Isle of Hope, ^- Nlontgomery 
Beat^ilieu, Betliesda. 



THIRTY MINUTES RIDE 



Over smooth track along a charming route to Savannah's Famous 

1 \esopfs OF) l;^e C)(alls '^^'» rlisfopic jOGlrjcsGla. 



Abercorn and Whitakev Sfreet Cars direct to Depot 
on Second Street. 



TH 



iPULASKI 



* :!; * * * s!^ ;!; * ijs 

THE FAVORITE STOPPING PLACE FOR TOURISTS. 

Accommodations for 250 Guests. 



The PULA8KI is in the center of 
th. business por Lion of the cily, fronting 
Bull SU-eet, the favorite promenad'u 
and Johnson Square. An entire South- 
ern Erponire. The most deaghtful loca- 
tion in the city. 






-0) 



Mc 



(* 



The hotel has been remodeled and 
enlarged; another story has been built ; 
fify roomt have been added; the dining 
room doubled in size, and reception 
and reading rooms added with new and 
elegant furnishin ,s. 



Electric L.i^lits, Otis Hydraulic Elevator, and 
Artesian l¥ater, Hot and €old Baths. 



The Cuisine and Sercice Unsurpassed in the South. — : — 



Every Convenience and Luxury for ^ ;!;:!;;!; :sj 

* ^H * ♦ * the Comfort and Enjoyment of Guests. 



All lines of horse cars within one minute's walk of the Hotel. Omnilius 
at all Trains and Steamers. Rooms secured by telegraph. Address 

SAVANNAH, GA. 



WMM ©©'BAW SOW^ 



SMMna^h & AtlmtiG Ry. 

^cTYBEE ISLANDS 

WITH ITS 

Ora.iif1 Beacli, .® *-4^» 

Mag^niGcent Surf Batliiiig^, 

" y ^ f^" ®^ and Pure Air. 

The Great Summer and Winter Seaside Resort 
of the sodth atlantic. 

FIFTY MINUTES' RIDE FRDIVI SAVANNAH 

Over a Smootli Road 1'"ree from Dust and Cinders, Swept by 
Ocean Dreezes Neaily its luitire Length. 



COMFORTAKLE COACHES, Mc- Mr 

COURTEOUS CONDUCTORS, ^^ "^ 

v^ Alfc ANO PERFECT OT?DER 

^ ^ MAINTAINED ON AL,L, TRAINS. 

An Excursion Route at all times safe for Unattended Ladies and Children. 



ES3COi;LrssiOia., (Round Trip,) SO OeirxtiS. 



FAMILY EXCURSiONS-Tuesdays and Fridays. 

Family Exeursion Days, fare, round trip, Adults 35 Cents 

Childken, 5 to 12 years 30 Cents 



The only thiourfh line running to the Ocean ivilhoiit connecting o _ 
steamboats, terminating at the Finest Beach on the Atlantic Coast ^^vT'- 
for .mrf baihin;;, unci for seven miles affording am^jgniflcent drive. 



FINE HOTELS. SPACIOUS PAVILIONS. 

ARTESIAN WELLS. 

The road newly equipped with fast trains. 

All street car lines lead to the depot in the city. 

'>>XS^^>'<'> 

H. H. WOODRUFF, D. G. PURSE, 

Uciieral Agent. President anrt Manager. 



t- 



SAVANNAH, &a 



-t- 



Ox^ezi.ec3. iTa/XxiJia-r-y Ist, lOOO. 



JOHN + ll. + BHKER+&+CO., + Proprietor8. 




> 



'J^HE DK SOTO was built in 1S89, and is the 
most luxuriously appointed Hotel in the South. It is in 
the center of the city, occupying an entire square, front 
ing the principal promenades and drives, and is near all 
public buildings and libraries and points of interest. It 
is richly furnished, lighted with electricity, heated 
throughout with steam and open fire places ; is provided 
with hydraulic elevators, artesian water iiaths, and every 
appointment which tends to the perfect enjoyment of its 
guests. 



4®=^ITS CUISINE AND SERVICE UNSURPASSED.-^* 



A ■■•■ MAGNIFICENT •:■ TOURISTS' ■■• HOTEL 

Witli Every I^uxury Obtainable. 
Address 



Sar&tnga -t- Springs I 

THE OLDEST SUMMER RESORT IN AMERICA. 

rTHE AMERICAN.* 



Teutli Season. ^^^^^ Opens June 1st. 

= ACCOMMODATIONS FOR 300 GUESTS.^ 

VI/IIE AMKRK'AX is the best located Hotel at Saratoga Springs ; on Broadway, 
I between the United States and (.Jruiiil Union, it presents views and attracti:ins unsur- 
J. passed by any. Its fine commaniuni; i'iazzas offer splendid opportunities for sight- 
seeing. The P,attcrs(in. ll!atliorn. Hamilti>n, Congress and otlicr famous Springs are near 
and eonvcnient to tlie lldtel. and ('on^rt-ss SiirinLC Park is wilhiii twii iiiinuti's' whIIv. 

Tliornu.-ljl\ renovated, and willi many ini|.r.iveini-iits. TilK A.'M l':i! ICAN nflVrs to visitors 
everv atlrartii.n anil cDinfcrt tn l>e lonml in a well and .oniidetrl^ appnint.-d hoti-l. 

Steam lieat |Hr\ciit- tlii' disccpmloiis cit rhilly mornings or evenings, wliile an Otis Bros.' 
Impuo\ ei> r issi.N'.i i: Ij r,\A Kii; renders eaih floor ot easy and ahiiost equal access. 

As in till' |i,i-i. ilii |iio|irieliir will maintain a table fully equal to any in Saratoga. 

Special rales viven lor .lime and Seiitember. 

For terms and rooms, address GEORGE A. FARIMHAM, 

Free coaches at this hotel to and from all depots. i iwner and Proprietor. 



Savannah, Floiiida and WE^tefn R'lj. 

(WAYCROSS SHORT LINE.) *- 

. Tlic Diivct :iii(l Ali.sl Ui.pula!- Roulc (<> .All Uoiiits 

ttS!©RTLH, SOUTH, -!- EAST | VyZ^ST,. 



-i='TTT- .T .TK/r A TVT SIjI3:E3I>I3XrCS- O.A-H.S. 



^^JACKSONVILLE: ^_. 

f»llon|-c|oittcttj., t?»llcicou, 'fl^^iritiif.Cjl-oii, 

o'i'itDihicifici lit, ^rtciwi'ci, I^S-^clbon, 

^J a .^ \\v i f I'c , Sj'i a tt'atvooqa, o>l i c fm t o » vb, 

Svcnu>oiri'c, ^otMotnllc, ^'^'^\n.^^l i nc|loii, 

'^aijcnmcifi, fiirtci imciti, ^Sa tli mote, 

St. ^Otli^, AND 'Jfl i IciL'C tpfl ici, 

— nxr:H3"w "S'oitis.- — 

DOUBLE DAILY TRAINS BETWEEN JACKSONVILLE AND NEW ORLEANS. 

Rciiitc of the Famous New York and Florida Pullman Vestiljuled Train iLimitedj. 



II. s. iiai:kek, c i>. owebts, -w. m. i>.\vio«osi. 

<ieneral Manager, Traltic IManager, (ieneral Pass. Agent, 

Wnvaniiali, <>». Kavaiiiiali. Oa. .Ia<-ks>oiivillo. Fla. 



-^•iTDiiii imiLimm n@mwE-^ 



II' 



IJDV 



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IfT 



Li 



.yjj 



.^^ 



Si. ■ A' •«>- 



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I3i tM 110 il 



s% 



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-®. ■<!)' IS- 



^• 



ADJOINING THE PULASKI HOUSE. 
All orders for Liveries and Transfers Promptly Filled. 

<-^Ftiiest Double cmd Single Teams'^--' 
-•^ in the City. '^'- 

OMNIBUS LINES BETAVEEN AEL, HOTELS, r-^ r-ii^^ 

DEPOTS AND STEAMSHIP WHARA'ES. J*^ i^"" 

Elegant Turnouts for drives to 

Thunderbolt, Bonaventure, White Bluff, 

and all Suburban Resorts. 

r^ r-if-k TRANSEEK AND BAGGAGE EXPRESS WAGONS 

^*^ i*^^ AT EVERY TRAIN AND STEAMER. 

Telephone Orders promptly responded to at all hours. 



Tourist Patronage a Specialty. 



^ C. GLEj^SON, 



PROPRIETOR, 




i* hue 



.es + 



0«IBM iOSIC lis 



I 



— m^iii • — 

For 20 Years the Leading Southern Dealers. 
in 



AND 




^1^ 



ALWAYS REPRESENTING THE 

-^PEsif iJVJj^KiELrj ©LiSlLTc^^ 

Each Name a Ouaraiitee or Exrelleiioe. 



•^ghickcring pianoA. 

The Legitimate Staiidartl of the World. 
Over 77,500 in use. 

^aAon §• gamlin ^lanod. 

"Tlie Greatest Improvements in Pianos 
in Haifa Century." 

^athu6hck pianoA. 

Silver-Toned. The Piano for a Lifetime. 



gtcrling pianoA, 



High Grade Instruments at a Low Grade 
Price. 



laAon 8^ Jamlin ^rganA. 

Leaders Always, i Victors at all World's 
Contests. Best and Cheapest. 



Sterling Organ*. 



Best Medium 'Price Organ Produced. 
Beautiful .Styles at Small Cost. 



NOTICE 

Our One Price System. 
Fifteen OayN Test Trial, 
All Freig-lit Pairt. 
Complete Outfit Free. 
Six Years Ciiiiarantee. 







NOTICE 




o 


II r 


Kxeliaiige Priv 


iles^. 


Itesi 


Iiistriiiiieiits 31 


ade. 


I. 


owest l*riees Hiiomi, 


F 


asj 


Installment l- 


ans. 


F 


air 


ISiisiness nellio([s. 



CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. CATALOGUES FREE. 

Ill •> & ■> BATES ■> mm ■> 




AN ENVIABLE 

RECORD 

BASED ON 

True -h Merit, 



t^ THE UNri^ECEDENTED SUCCESS * 

OF- 

NTIMIGRAIEI 



As a Cure for every virletij of that most com- 
mon of all physical ailments, 

-^ HEADACHE.-^ 

and the immense favor which ha-i greeted it 
from all quarters proves its acceptability to the 
public, and at once establishes it as one of 
the few 

HONEST AND RELIABLE REMEDIES. 



/\niimigl ailie p,^i„e^ cmoral, Cocaii 



Mor- 
iiie, 

or other poisonous drugs or chemicals, and can be taken freely with- 
out fear of serious or unpleasant after effects. It is not a Cathartic, 
does not disarrange the stomach. It is Perfectly Safe and in action 
it is always Sure and Speedy. 



Macon, Ga., August 12, 1889. 
The A^Uniif/viine Cohip'i.nii. 

Genti^kmen: — I have been using 
"Antimigraine" for nervous si'ik 
headache, and have given it to several 
of my friends who join me in stating 
that "Antimigraine is the best medi- 
cine for lieaflaclicsi wo have mer tal?en 
and tlio only one wliich givfs iis(|iiick 
and permanent relief without leaving 
unpleasant after effects. 

Yours very truly, 

Mrs. W. F. Adams. 



Savannah, Ga., June 3, 18S9. 
The An/hnif/raine Commiiiiy. 

Gen rr.EMEN :— It aflbrds me no lit- 
tle pleasure to add my testimonial to 
the indorsement of your Headache 
cure "Antimigraine," for it has never 
failed to give nie instant relief, with 
no unpleasant after ell'ects that are 
generally brought about by so-called 
headache remedies. 

Very truly yours. 

Rev. James h. Gilmore, 
Chaplain to Seamen. 



,»>Mp ANTIMIf^RAINIT Is a beautiful wine colored liquid, pleasant 
^^1^"'' I imiunMIIlt to the taste, put up in bottles containing- 
Twelve Full Doses. Sells for 50 Cents by all Druggists, and is 
Guaranteed to Cure all Headaches. 



^GARDNER'S 

3Di Bull StrEEt. 



JN- 



«^5«;?-'- »-^:!>t^*^5^--- 



^i:^ FLORISTS' AGE>rT>^^ 

AND HEADQVARTERS FOR 

CURinSITIIi.S, 



Orange Walking Canes, ^ ^ 

Live and Stuffed Alligators, 

Alligator and Boars' Teeth Jewelry, 
%^ ^ Shells, Ornamental Grasses. 



^FLOWER -J- and * SRMS * SEEDS,* BULBg,-^ PLANTS,a^._ 

FLOWER POTS AND PLANT FOOD. 



AGEN 
FOR 



^ Oik§QHiQ='§ NySffM 



tilt Flowers, Floral Designs ami BasKeti? of All 
Deseripfions Beaiifiriilly Made Fp. 

Camelia Floiveis Packed and Shipped in Season a Specialtij. 



BIRDS, CAGES, MOCKING BIRD FOOD, 

BIRD SEEDS, MEDICINES AND TONIC. 

J. Gardner, Agent. 



^ 



Kon^me rcial l iist Me,-!^-- ^ ^- ^- if^™" 



Principal. 



137 PERRy STIiEEI, i.....V 



ETWEEN 

D WKITAKER 

Meiir Thciiter. 



SAVANIIIill. GEORGIi 



^JlCeHtoricii^ atib 3ac^oCul"iovv;5 tlrtt^iticarCu §)iQto3:>cb. 



BOOKKEEPING, SHORTHAND, 

TYPEWRITING, PENMANSHIP. 

PAINTING AND DRAWING, 



^ ^ 



-t- 



-% 



-tr 



TELEGRAPHING. 



-t- 









,iH,*LE¥Yt&^ 

159 Congress Street. 

^^]r)£, ■ L^Gtrqesl • v!4lol:^ir)q • rlousc • ir) • l^e • C)©u}^ 
Gentlemen'' s Furnishing Goods a Specialty. 



Business Suits aud Youth's and Boys' Clothing 
in the Latest Styles. 

-^AG-ENTS +FDR:^FINE + HaTS,;;^ 

The Leading Clothiers in Savannali. 



THE NEW YORK i SOUTH. 




^-%4^AVANNAIi the largest and most pros- 
b-t^s parous city on the South Atlantic 
Coast; has more raih-oads than anj' other Coast 
city, and in two years will double its present 
number. It has the best deep water facilities 
of any Southern city, and is the largest naval 
stores depot in the world. 




SAVAIVX All's POPIILATIOIV 60,000.- 



THE CITY'S PRESENT GROWTH AND PROGRESS POINT 
200,000 POPULATION IN 1900. 



Property that sold two years ago for |50 an acre is 

now selling for $500 per acre and in two years 

will sell for $5,000 per acre more. 



I^mm, 







miimmm 



SATTANNAH'S LEADING 

REAL ESTATE FIRM 

No. 156 Broughton Street, 

Buys, sells and handles Real Estate strictly on commission. As 
we are not specidating tve are in a position to advise our customers 
on this subject. We will not sell or handle property held at an 
unreasonable price. If you wish a home, a Jarm, business prop- 
erty, mineral or timber lands we cm supply you. None can yet 
say they made a mistake by purchasing through us. 



BUSINESS TRANSACTED FOR NON-RESIDENTS. 




''Pfl 3i,,o 



